Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Statistics

Using the data from Exercise 2.16,(c) Calculate the square root of the answer to (b).Exercise 2.16With reference to Exercise 2.15, the data for the Eyes Elevated condition areExercise 2.15Kaufman and
The data from Exercises 2.15 and 2.16 come from the same 10 (N) observers. In other words, the same person had a score of 1.65 in the Eyes Level condition and 1.73 in the Eyes Elevated condition.
Use the previous data to show thatPrevious DataThe data from Exercises 2.15 and 2.16 come from the same 10 (N) observers. In other words, the same person had a score of 1.65 in the Eyes Level
Make up five data points and show that where C is any constant(e.g., 4) and N is the number of data points. (X + C) = X + NC,
The Chicago Tribune of July 21, 1995 reported on a study by a fourth-grade student named Beth Peres. In the process of collecting evidence in support of her campaign for a higher allowance from her
There has recently been discussion on the Internet concerning whether the Shuffle feature on your iPod is truly random. (Well, some things really are more important than others!)How would you go
Go to the Internet link at http://www.stat.ucla.edu/cases/yale/and read the very short case study there. Answer the questions on sampling and compare your answer with the explanation given in an
Do an Internet search for someone else’s explanation of scales of measurement. (Don’t be terribly surprised if that person uses different terminology than is used here, though my terminology has
The primary purpose of plotting data is to make them _____.
The endpoints of an interval are called _____.
A figure that plots various values of the dependent variable on the X axis and the frequencies on the Y axis is called a _____.
The optimal number of intervals for a histogram (and for a stem-and-leaf display)is _____.
List three important things about a stem-and-leaf display.
List three different terms for describing the shape of a distribution.
A positively skewed distribution has a tail stretching out to the right. (T or F)
A major characteristic of a good graphic is _____.
In the next two chapters we are going to extend our description of data to _____.
Researchers Latané and Rodin (1969) were interested in studying helping behavior. In one of their experiments, they set up a situation in which the participant was brought into the waiting room
For each of the following, calculate between-group variance $\left(M S_{\mathrm{BG}}\right)$. a. N; 13, X b. N, 11, X 13.00, X 2 = 5.00, X 3 = 10.00 119.00, X 2 = 13.00, X 3 = 21.00, X 4 = 15.00
For each of the following, calculate between-group variance $\left(M S_{\mathrm{BG}}\right)$. = a. N; 20, X 1 = 5.50, X 2 = 3.75, X-3 = 4.25 b. N 8, X 1 = 14.85, X 2 = 18.33, X3 19.92, X 4 = 12.61
For each of the following, calculate within-group variance $\left(M S_{\mathrm{WG}}\right)$. a. N 7, s =1.00, $22.00, $36.00 b. N; = 6,5 = 13.00, $2 = 16.00, 53 = 12.00, $4 = 15.00 c. N = 9, s =
For each of the following, calculate within-group variance $\left(M S_{\mathrm{WG}}\right)$. a. N=15, s = .75, $2 = .48, 53= .63 b. N = 19, s = 4.52, $2 = 4.86, 53 = 4.28, $4 = 4.47 c. N = 22, 5 =
For each of the following, calculate the $F$-ratio $(F)$ and create an ANOVA summary table. Table 11.4 Summary Tables for the One-Way ANOVA Table 11.4 Summary Tables for the One-Way ANOVA a.
For each of the following, calculate the $F$-ratio $(F)$ and create an ANOVA summary table. Table 11.4 Summary Tables for the One-Way ANOVA Table 11.4 Summary Tables for the One-Way ANOVA a.
To evaluate the effectiveness of four different teaching methods, algebra student's are randomly assigned to one of four methods (A, B, C, or D) and then given a test. The descriptive statistics for
Although men and women have been found to perform differently on tests of mental ability, less is known about possible reasons for these differences. A researcher hypothesizes that one's beliefs play
Past research has examined relationships between people's backgrounds and their personality. For example, Eysenck (1982) found a relationship between blood type and introversion, and Pellegrini
Employers seek ways to improve the performance of their employees. Gardner, Van Dyne, and Pierce (2004) hypothesized that performance is influenced by organizational self-esteem, defined as an
A researcher studying the effects of different learning techniques upon memory hypothesizes people learn better when training is distributed over time rather than massed all at once. She conducts an
An experimenter ran a study that consisted of four groups, each with 16 participants. This research study was exploratory research, and the experimenter did not have any specific hypotheses or
Imagine the $F$-ratio for a one-way ANOVA is rejected for a study involving six groups, each with nine participants. A researcher plans on comparing each group with every other group, controlling
Create a line graph for each of the following tables of cell means (assume the scores have a possible range of 0 to 10 and put Factor $\mathrm{A}$ along the $\mathrm{X}$ (horizontal) axis). a.
Create a line graph for each of the following tables of cell means (assume the scores have a possible range of 0 to 10 and put Factor $\mathrm{A}$ along the $\mathrm{X}$ (horizontal) axis). a.
Create a table of cell means for each of the following graphs. a. 086420 10 b. 10 8- C. 10 6- Factor A bl-b2 10 08642 Factor A bl b2 Factor A b1b2 d. " Factor A bl b2
Create a table of cell means for each of the following graphs. a. b. d. 10 8 6. 4 2 0 10- 8. 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 2 a Factor A bl --b2 a a Factor A bl
For each of the following, calculate four degrees of freedom $\left(d f_{A}, d f_{B}, d f_{A \times B}, d f_{W G}\right)$ and identify the three critical values of the three $F$-ratios
For each of the following, calculate four degrees of freedom $\left(d f_{A}, d f_{B}, d f_{A \times B}, d f_{W G}\right)$ and identify the three critical values of the three $F$-ratios
For each of the following situations, create a scatterplot of the data and describe the nature, direction, and strength of the relationship.a. A researcher hypothesizes a positive relationship
For each of the following situations, create a scatterplot of the data and describe the nature, direction, and strength of the relationship.a. A set of parents hypothesize there is a negative
For each of the following, calculate the degrees of freedom (df) and identify the critical value of r. a. N = 8, a = .05 (two-tailed) b. N=19, a = .05 (two-tailed) c. N=36, a = .05 (two-tailed) d.
For each of the following, calculate the Pearson correlation (r). a. SPxy -3.00, SSX = 8.00, SSy = 10.00 b. SPxy 4.00, SSx = 9.00, SSy = 5.00 c. SPxy -1.50, SSXx = 7.50, SSy = 10.50 d. SPxy = 13.26,
For each of the following, calculate the Pearson correlation (r). a. SPxy .82, SSx = 6.91, SSy = 9.24 b. SPxy-43.29, SSx = 411.89, SSY = 17.50 c. SPxy 205.96, SSx=485.73, SSy = 612.52 =
The owner of a car dealership interested in assessing young drivers' preferences asks 26 college students to indicate which type of automobile they are more likely to purchase: traditional gasoline
A student interested in consumer behavior believes women are more concerned about their personal appearance than are men; consequently, she hypothesizes that women are less likely to go to a chain
A pollster asks a sample of voters to indicate whether they are in favor, undecided, or against a proposed law. Here are their answers:a. Construct a frequency distribution table for these data and a
A Vermont university (www.middlebury.edu) surveyed its graduating seniors regarding their plans immediately following graduation. The majority of their responses fell into one of four categories:
An instructor wants to examine the distribution of grades students receive in her classes:a. Construct a frequency distribution table for these data and a bar chart of these data (put the percentage
Given the importance of advertising and products related to the Super Bowl, one company (www.itsasurvey.com) commissioned a survey asking people to indicate their favorite snack to eat during the
For each of the following variables, calculate the degrees of freedom $(d f)$ and identify the critical value $(\mathrm{a}=.05)$.a. Drink (Coffee, Tea)b. Season of year (Winter, Spring, Summer,
For each of the following variables, calculate the degrees of freedom $(d f)$ and identify the critical value $(\mathrm{a}=.05)$.a. Direction (Left, Right, Up, Down)b. Shape (Circle, Triangle,
"Sex in advertising prompts much discussion and media attention, typically how advertisers blend sex with their brands to gain attention" (Reichert \& Lambiase, 2003, p. 120). As part of their
An important principle in Sthapatya Veda, a holistic science of architecture, is that buildings should be designed in alignment with the earth's magnetic field and the movement of the sun.
Historians are interested in the accuracy of eyewitness accounts of traumatic events. One study examined survivors' recall of the sinking of the ship Titanic (Riniolo, Koledin, Drakulic, \&
One study investigated what children think about people who share their money (McCrink, Bloom, \& Santos, 2010). In this study, sixteen 5-year-olds were shown two puppets: One had a large number
Construct a bar graph for each of the following (assume the independent variable is group and the dependent variable is time):a. Group $\mathrm{A}(N=5, M=4.00, s=1.58)$; Group B \((N=5, M=6.00,
Construct a bar graph for each of the following (assume the independent variable is Group and the dependent variable is time):a. $\operatorname{Group} \mathrm{A}(N=21, M=14.05, s=3.63)$;Group B
For each of the following,(a) calculate the mean, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean for each Group and (b) construct a bar graph (assume the independent variable is condition and the
For each of the following, calculate the degrees of freedom $(d f)$ and determine the critical values of $t$ (assume $\mathrm{a}=.05$ ). a. N =21, N2 = 21, H: H H1 H1* H2 b. N 14, N = 14, H1 H1
State the null and alternative hypotheses $\left(\mathrm{H}_{0}\right.$ and $\left.\mathrm{H}_{1}\right)$ for each of the following research questions:a. Are the average starting salaries for
For each of the following, calculate the degrees of freedom $(d f)$ and determine the critical values of $t$ (assume $\mathbf{a}=.05$ ). a. N = 5, N = 5, H b. N =12, N2 = 12, H: H c. N = 9
For each of the following, calculate the standard error of the difference $\left(s \mathrm{X}^{-} 1-\mathrm{X}^{-}\right.$ $2)$. a. N = 35, s = 1.50, N = 35, $2 = 3.25 b. N = 4, s = 4.30, N = 4,
For each of the following, calculate the standard error of the difference $\left(s \mathrm{X}^{-} 1-\mathrm{X}^{-}\right.$$2)$. a. N = 10, s = 2.00, N = 10, s2 = 3.00 b. N = 19,51 1.73, N = 19,
For each of the following, calculate the $t$-test for independent means. a. X 13.49,X 23.14, sX-1-X-2 = .31 b. X 113.27, X 2 = 16.45, sX 1-X 2 = 1.52 c. X 1.76, X 2.91, sX 1-X 2 = .09 d. X 11.52, X
For each of the following, calculate the $t$-test for independent means. a. X 17.00, SX 1 X 2 = 1.17 - b. X 1 65.56, - sX 1 X 2 = 2.88 X 2 11.00, X-2=60.92, c. X 1 137.73, X-2=114.09, SX 1 X 2 =
For each of the following, calculate the standard error of the difference $\left(s \mathrm{X}^{-} 1-\mathrm{X}^{-}\right.$ 2 ) and the $t$-test for independent means. a. N = 6, N = 6, X 1 18.50,
Calculate the range for each of the following sets of data:a. $4,6,9$b. $14,17,11,19,12$c. $25,22,27,30,21,26,29$d. $10,8,4,16,9,7,9,13,6,11$e. $73,66,91,84,69,87,62,79,82,90$f.
Calculate the range for each of the following sets of data:a. $9,10,13$b. $5,3,9,12$c. $6,2,8,12,9,5,7$d. $8,4,1,6,14,9,12,5,11,7,4$e.
Calculate the interquartile range for each of the following sets of data:a. $3,6,7,12,15,17,23,28$b. $8,4,1,6,13,10,12,5$c. $3,8,14,11,16,7,14,15,11,9,12,6$d.
Calculate the interquartile range for each of the following sets of data:a. $1,2,2,3,4,5,7,10$b. $21,8,17,7,12,19,5,12$c. $6,9,5,14,3,15,19,7,13,6,8,5$d.
For each of the following sets of data, (1) calculate the mean of the scores $\left(\mathrm{X}^{-}\right),(2)$ calculate the deviation of each score from the mean $\mathrm{X}-\mathrm{X}^{-}$, and
For each of the following sets of data, (1) calculate the mean of the scores $\left(\mathrm{X}^{-}\right),(2)$ calculate the deviation of each score from the mean $\mathrm{X}-\mathrm{X}^{-}$, and
In Exercises 1 to 4, it may be helpful to draw a figure such as Figure 5.5.Figure 5.5.Using the normal curve table, determine the area of the standard normal distribution that is between the mean of
In Exercises 1 to 4, it may be helpful to draw a figure such as Figure 5.5.Figure 5.5.Using the normal curve table, determine the area of the standard normal distribution that is less than the
In Exercises 1 to 4, it may be helpful to draw a figure such as Figure 5.5.Figure 5.5.Using the normal curve table, determine the area of the standard normal distribution that is greater than the
In Exercises 1 to 4, it may be helpful to draw a figure such as Figure 5.5.Figure 5.5.Using the normal curve table, determine the area of the standard normal distribution that is between the
You have collected the following data:If you place these five numbers in a bag and randomly select one, what is the probability the number (X) will be ...a. equal to 6 ?b. less than 11 ?c. greater
You have collected the following data:If you randomly select one of these 10 numbers, what is the probability the number (X) will be ...a. equal to 4 ?b. equal to 7 ?c. less than 5 ?d. greater than 2
A lottery contains 500 tickets. In this lottery, there are 25 prizes of $\$ 1,10$ prizes of $\$ 5$, and 5 prizes of $\$ 25$. What is the probability of $\ldots$a. winning nothing $(\$ 0)$
For each of the following situations, calculate the population standard error of the mean $\sigma \mathrm{X}^{-}$.a. $\sigma=8 ; N=16$b. $\sigma=12 ; N=64$c. $\sigma=2 ; N=25$d. \(\sigma=3.72
For each of the following situations, calculate the population standard error of the mean $\sigma \mathrm{X}^{-}$.a. $\sigma=18 ; N=36$b. $\sigma=9.42 ; N=49$c. $\sigma=1.87 ; N=60$d.
For each of the following situations, calculate the $z$-statistic $(z)$.a. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=14.00 ; \mu=11 ; \sigma=6 ; N=36$b. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=7.00 ; \mu=8 ; \sigma=3 ; N=9$c.
For each of the following situations, calculate the $z$-statistic $(z)$.a. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=8.00 ; \mu=5 ; \sigma=6 ; N=16$b. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=4.00 ; \mu=2 ; \sigma=8 ; N=25$c.
For each of the following situations, calculate the $z$-statistic $(z)$, make a decision about the null hypothesis (reject, do not reject), and indicate the level of significance \((p>.05, p
For each of the following situations, calculate the $z$-statistic $(z)$, make a decision about the null hypothesis (reject, do not reject), and indicate the level of significance \((p>.05, p
For each of the following situations, calculate the population standard error of the mean $\sigma \mathrm{X}^{-}$and the $z$-statistic $(z)$, make a decision about the null hypothesis, and
For each of the following situations, calculate the population standard error of the mean $\sigma X^{-}$and the $z$-statistic $(z)$, make a decision about the null hypothesis, and indicate the
Students applying to graduate schools in many disciplines are required to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE); essentially, it is the graduate school equivalent of the SAT. Let's say an
One study examined the personal values of 116 students studying mortuary science with the intention of becoming funeral directors (Shaw \& Duys, 2005). The students completed a well-established
For each of the following situations, calculate the degrees of freedom $(d f)$ and determine the critical values of $t$.a. $N=10 ; \mathrm{a}=.05 ; \mathrm{H}_{1}: \mu eq 5$b. \(N=20 ;
For each of the following situations, calculate the standard error of the mean $s \mathrm{X}^{-}$.a. $s=7.00 ; N=49$b. $s=2.50 ; N=14$c. $s=8.90 ; N=23$d. $s=25.61 ; N=54$
For each of the following situations, calculate the standard error of the mean $s \mathrm{X}^{-}$.a. $s=5.00 ; N=16$b. $s=17.82 ; N=10$c. $s=2.31 ; N=37$d. $s=51.32 ; N=21$
For each of the following sets of numbers, calculate the sample size $(N)$, the mean $\mathrm{X}^{-}$ , the standard deviation $(s)$, and the standard error of the mean $s \mathrm{X}^{-}$:a.
For each of the following sets of numbers, calculate the sample size $(N)$, the mean $\mathrm{X}^{-}$ , the standard deviation $(s)$, and the standard error of the mean $s \mathrm{X}^{-}$:a.
For each of the following situations, calculate the $t$-statistic $(t)$ :a. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=12.00 ; \mu=10 ; s \mathrm{X}^{-}=2.00$b. $X^{-}=6.00 ; \mu=9 ; s X^{-}=1.50$c. \(X^{-}=4.25 ;
For each of the following situations, calculate the $t$-statistic $(t)$ :a. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=11.00 ; \mu=5 ; s \mathrm{X}^{-}=3.00$b. $X^{-}=26.00 ; \mu=31 ; s X^{-}=2.00$c. \(X^{-}=19.60 ;
For each of the following situations, calculate the $t$-statistic $(t)$ :a. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=4.00 ; \mu=5 ; s=3.00 ; N=36$b. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=1.50 ; \mu=1.25 ; s=.75 ; N=25$c.
For each of the following situations, calculate the $t$-statistic $(t)$ :a. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=.45 ; \mu=.52 ; s=.17 ; N=56$b. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=7.75 ; \mu=6 ; s=3.98 ; N=40$c.
For each of the following situations, calculate the $t$-statistic $(t)$ :a. $\mathrm{X}^{-}=20.00 ; \mu=18 ; s \mathrm{X}^{-}=1.00$b. $X^{-}=20.00 ; \mu=13 ; s X^{-}=1.00$c. \(X^{-}=12.00 ;
For each of the following situations, calculate the degrees of freedom $(d f)$, identify the critical values (assume $\mathrm{a}=.05$ [two-tailed]), calculate the $t$-statistic $(t)$, make a
For each of the following situations, calculate the degrees of freedom $(d f)$, identify the critical values (assume $\mathrm{a}=.05$ [two-tailed]), calculate the $t$-statistic $(t)$, make a

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