An effusion cell has a circular hole of diameter 2.50 mm. If the molar mass of the solid in the cell is 260 g mol 1 and its vapour pressure is 0.835 Pa at 400 K, by how much will the mass of the...

Think about the Coniferophyta and the Magnoliophyta of this chapter. Which has more families, genera, and species? Which has more diversity of body types? Which has species in the greatest number of...

Certain eudicot clades contain plants with many relictual features. Name and describe several.

During fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm cell nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus, producing the diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the ___________________________________,...

What transformations must have occurred if gymnosperms really were the ancestors of angiosperms? Which might have occurred earlier (are present in all relictual angiosperms) and which later (are...

A boy cyclist and a girl cyclist are 10 miles apart and pedaling toward each other. The boys rate is 6 miles per hour, and the girls rate is 4 miles per hour. There is also a friendly fly zooming...

Compute the results in Problems 3136. Leave your answers in scientific notation. a. 0.00016 500 2,000,000

Calculation problem: Testing the null hypothesis that the slope equals zero. Can the relationship be explained by sampling error? Using the face ratio and hockey penalty data from Practice Problem 1,...

Some species seem to thrive in captivity, whereas others are prone to health and behavior difficulties when caged. Maternal care problems in some captive species, for example, lead to high infant...

Write down indices for the following sets of equidistant planes: e e e

Write the Niggli formula for C 3 N 4 made of identical CN 4 tetrahedra. How many different types of nitrogen vertices are there? What is the coordination number of each?

Suggest the bonding present in the Zintl phase LiAs.

Suggest the bonding present in the Zintl phase CaIn 2 . Verify your suggestions with the ICSD and a structure-drawing program.

CaO adopts the NaCl-type structure with a = 4.80 . (a) Use the BornMayer equation to calculate the lattice-formation energy for CaO. (b) How well does this estimate agree with the value of 3414...

Construct an MO diagram for trigonal-planar BH3 by analogy with the MOs for trigonal-planar NH 3 in Figure 5.26. Use this diagram to determine the degeneracy and orbital character of the HOMO and the...

Taking into account both attractive and repulsive interactions, derive an equation analogous to Equation (5.2) for the CsCl structure (Figure 1.40). Include the first four terms in the Madelung...

In how many different ways can seven books be arranged on a shelf?

Compare the Lewis dot structure of nitrogen and phosphorus and explain why you might expect these two atoms to exhibit similar bonding properties?

Each of the following molecules has one plane of symmetry. Find the plane of symmetry in each case: a. b. c. d. e. f. CI Me Me Br

Nicotine is an addictive substance found in tobacco. Identify the hybridization state and geometry of each of the nitrogen atoms in nicotine: C-H N. C- H. Nicotine z: I I-O

Predict the products of each of the following reactions: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. 1) BH3 THF 2) H2O2, NaOH Pt

Identify the reagents you would use to achieve each of the following transformations: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) OTs `CN

Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish each of the following transformations: a. b. c. d. CI CI .

Identify the reagents you would use to achieve each of the following transformations: a) Convert tert-butyl bromide into a primary alkyl halide b) Convert 2-bromopropane into 1-bromopropane

Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish each of the following transformations: (a) Convert 2-methyl-2-butene into a monosubstituted alkene (b) Convert 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexene into a...

Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish the following transformation - Br Br

Identify the reagents that you would use to accomplish each of the following transformations: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Br-

Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish each of the following transformations: a. b.

When 3-bromo-3-ethylpentane is treated with sodium acetylide, the major products are 3-ethyl-2-pentene and acetylene. Explain why the carbon skeleton does not change in this case, and justify the...

Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following ions; in each case, indicate which atom possesses the formal charge: a. BH 4 b. NH 2 c. C 2 H 5 +

Propose a plausible synthesis for the following transformation, in which the carbon skeleton is increased by only one carbon atom: H.

Propose a plausible synthesis for each of the following transformations: a. b. c. Br Br

Identify any formal charges in the compounds below: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. H-Al-H I-

Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, design a synthesis of pen-tanal. (Pentanal has an odd number of carbon atoms, while acetylene has an even number of carbon atoms): H.

The regions of + in a compound are the regions most likely to be attacked by an anion, such as hydroxide (HO - ). In the compound below, identify the two carbon atoms that are most likely to be...

Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, identify a synthetic route for the production of 1-bromobutane.

Draw a Lewis structure of a carbon atom that has one extra valence electron (and therefore bears a negative charge). Which second-row element does this carbon atom resemble in terms of the number of...

Propose a plausible synthesis for each of the following transformations: a. b.

Determine the electron configuration for each of the following atoms: a. Carbon b. Oxygen c. Boron d. Fluorine e. Sodium f. Aluminum

Propose a plausible synthesis for each of the following transformations: a. b.

Propose a plausible synthesis for each of the following transformations: a. b. c. d. e. HO,

In this chapter, we have seen that an acetylide ion can function as a nucleophile and attack an alkyl halide in an S N 2 process. More generally speaking, the acetylide ion can attack other...

In the previous problem, we saw that an acetylide ion can attack a variety of electrophiles. In Chapter 20, we will see that a C=O bond can also function as an electrophile. Consider the following...

In each case below, identify the acid and the base. Then draw the curved arrows showing a proton transfer reaction. Draw the products of that proton transfer, and then predict the position of...

Rank the following anions in terms of increasing basicity:

Identify reagents that can be used to achieve each of the following transformations: (a) To convert 1-hexene into a primary alcohol (b) To convert 3, 3-dimethyl-1-hexene into a secondary alcohol (c)...

Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish the following transformation. CI

Show at least two different methods for preparing 1-methylcyclohexene from 1-methylcyclohexanol.

Using any reagents of your choosing, show how you would convert tert-butyl alcohol into 2-methyl-1-propanol

Deduce the structure of a compound with molecular formula C 9 H 12 that produces the following 1 H NMR spectrum: Proton NMR Chemical Shift (ppm)

Determine the structure of an alcohol with molecular formula C 6 H 14 O that exhibits the following DEPT-135 spectrum: DEPT-135 70 60 50 40 Chemical Shift (ppm) 30 20 10

Predict the products for each of the following transformations. a. b. aso heat 1) TsCl, py -OH 2) NaOEt

When 1,3-cyclopentadiene is treated with HBr, the temperature does not have an influence on the identity of the major product. Explain.

When 5-deutero-5-methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene is warmed to room temperature, it rapidly rearranges, giving an equilibrium mixture containing the original compound as well as two others. Propose a...

Deduce the structure of a compound with molecular formula C 8 H 10 O that exhibits the following IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR spectra. 100 80 60 40 20 2500 2000 Wavenumber (cm-1) 1000 4000 3500 3000...

Why are the triple point temperature and the normal freezing point very close in temperature for most substances?

For each of the following compounds, identify whether each C R C system is cumulated, conjugated, or isolated: (a) (b) (c) (d) HO HO- cis-Aconitic acid Plays a role in the citric acid cycle

Predict the major product for each of the following E2 reactions: a. b. c. d. NaOH Br NaOH Br

For each pair of the following compounds identify which compound would react more rapidly in an E2 reaction: a. b. CI .CI Br Br

Consider the following sequence of reactions, and identify the structures of compounds A, B, and C. Mg Compound A (CeH11Br) Compound B 1) 2) H20 H,SO4 Compound C Heat

Consider the following sequence of reactions, and identify the reagents ah. H. - ob-o - Br

Starting with 1-butanol, show the reagents you would use to prepare each of the following compounds. a. b. c. d. e. H. .

A 1.75 mole sample of an ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 62.0 L to 19.0 L using a constant external pressure of 2.80 atm. Calculate q, w, U, and H.

Two ideal gas systems undergo reversible expansion under different conditions starting from the same P and V. At the end of the expansion, the two systems have the same volume. The pressure in the...

Propose a plausible mechanism for each of the following transformations. a. b. 1) MeMgBr 2) H20 1) Excess MeMgBr 2) H20

Draw a Lewis structure for a compound with molecular formula C 4 H 11 N in which three of the carbon atoms are bonded to the nitrogen atom. What is the geometry of the nitrogen atom in this compound?...

Propose a plausible synthesis for each of the following transformations: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. H.

Provide an IUPAC name for each of the following compounds. a. b. c. d. e. I

Show what reagents you would use to prepare each of the following ethers via a Williamson ether synthesis, and explain your reasoning. a. b. c. OMe

Draw two constitutional isomers that have molecular formula C 3 H 7 Cl.

Draw all constitutional isomers that have molecular formula C 4 H 10 O?

Identify which two compounds shown here have the same degree of unsaturation. C 3 H 8 O C 3 H 5 ClO 2 C 3 H 5 NO 2 C 3 H 6

Starting with benzene and using any other necessary reagents of your choice, design a synthesis for each of the following compounds. Each compound has a Br and one other substituent that we did not...

Identify all of the products formed when the compound below is treated with aqueous acid: N- excess H,O+

Draw the expected isotope pattern that would be observed in the mass spectrum of CH 2 BrCl. In other words, predict the relative heights of the peaks at M, M + 2, and M + 4.

Predict the major product(s) for each reaction below. (a) (b) (c) 1) LAH 2) , 1) PhMgBr 2) H,0

A 1.75 mole sample of Ar undergoes an isothermal reversible expansion from an initial volume of 2.00 L to a final volume of 85.00 L at 310. K. Calculate the work done in this process using the ideal...

Draw all significant resonance structures for each of the following compounds: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. . z: N.

For each of the following compounds, identify all groups that would be considered substituents, and then indicate how you would name each substituent. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

For each of the following pairs of compounds, identify the higher boiling compound and justify your choice: a. b.

A newly developed substance that emits 250. W of photons with a wavelength of 325 nm is mounted in a small rocket initially at rest in outer space such that all of the radiation is released in the...

Identify the reagents you would use to achieve the following transformation:

(R)-Limonene is found in many citrus fruits, including oranges and lemons: For each of the following compounds identify whether it is (R)-limonene or its enantiomer, (S)-limonene: a. b. c. d.

Identify the reagents you would use to accomplish each of the following transformations: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) OH Br

The sex attractant of the codling moth gives an IR spectrum with a broad signal between 3200 and 3600 cm -1 and two signals between 1600 and 1700 cm -1 . In the mass spectrum of this compound, the...

How many signals do you expect in the 13 C NMR spectrum of each of the following compounds? a. b. c. d. Br

Propose a plausible mechanism for the following transformation. NaOH, H20 Heat

Consider the structure of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a potent hallucinogen containing three nitrogen atoms. One of these three nitrogen atoms is significantly more basic than the other two....

Determine the constitution of the compounds with the following molecular formulas: (a) CH 4 O (b) CH 3 Cl (c) C 2 H 6 (d) CH 5 N (e) C 2 F 6 (f) C 2 H 5 Br (g) C 3 H 8

Glutaraldehyde is a germicidal agent that is sometimes used to sterilize medical equipment too sensitive to be heated in an autoclave. In mildly acidic conditions, glutaraldehyde exists in a cyclic...

How did Stern and Gerlach conclude that the operator measure the z component of the magnetic moment of an Ag atom has only two eigenfunctions with eigenvalues that have the same magnitude and...

Predict the major product(s) obtained when each of the following compounds undergoes hydrolysis in the presence of H 3 O + : (a) (b) (c) (d) z- z:

Draw a plausible mechanism for each of the following transformations: (a) (b) (c) HJo+ N' H. Z H2N. H.

Predict the major product(s) for each of the following reactions: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) CH NH2 [H*] (-H20) 1) PhMgBr 2) H20

Nitrogen and oxygen do not absorb infrared radiation and are therefore not greenhouse gases. Why is this the case?

The rotational constant for 14 N 2 determined from microwave spectroscopy is 1.99824 cm 1 . Calculate the bond length in 14 N 2 to the maximum number of significant figures consistent with this...

For each compound below, identify which position(s) is/are most likely to undergo an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) CH3 NO2 O,N. CH3 O,N NO2

The rotational constant for 7 Li 19 F determined from microwave spectroscopy is 1.342583 cm 1 . The atomic masses of 7 Li and 19 F are 7.00160041 and 18.9984032 amu, respectively. Calculate the bond...

When acetic acid is treated with isotopically labeled water ( 18 O, shown in red) in the presence of a catalytic amount of acid, it is observed that the isotopic label becomes incorporated at both...

If the vibrational potential is not harmonic, the force constant is not independent of degree of stretching or compression of a molecule. Using the relation k effective = (d 2 V(x)/dx 2 ), derive an...