A and B play the following game: A writes down either number 1 or number 2, and B must guess which one. If the number that A has written down is i and B has guessed correctly, B receives i units from A. If B makes a wrong guess, B pays 3/4 unit to A. If B randomizes his decision by guessing 1 with probability p and 2 with probability 1 − p, determine his expected gain if

(a) A has written down number 1 and

(b) A has written down number 2.

What value of p maximizes the minimum possible value of B’s expected gain, and what is this maximin value? (B’s expected gain depends not only on p, but also on what A does.)

Consider now player A. Suppose that she also randomizes her decision, writing down number 1 with probability q. What is A’s expected loss if

(c) B chooses number 1 and

(d) B chooses number 2?

What value of q minimizes A’s maximum expected loss? Show that the minimum of A’s maximum expected loss is equal to the maximum of B’s minimum expected gain. This result, known as the minimax theorem, was first established in generality by the mathematician John von Neumann and is the fundamental result in the mathematical discipline known as the theory of games. The common value is called the value of the game to player B.