A random selection of 1481 adults were asked whether upper- income people pay too much, too little, or their fair share of taxes. Table 26 compares their responses and their political affiliations.

One person is randomly selected from the sample. Let F be the event that the person thinks upper-income people pay their fair share of taxes. Let R be the event that the person is a Republican.
a. Find P (F).
b. Find P(F | R).
c. Are the events F and R independent? Explain.
d. Some people refused to respond to the survey. What type of bias is this?

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Table 26 Opinion on Taxing Upper- Income People versus Political Party Response Republican Democrat Total Fair share Too much Too little 123 358 38 113 738 915 47 95 946 1481 235 75 48 535 Dont know Total