(a) Using the data presented in the International Perspective box (pp. 360–61), compute the per capita real GDP of Germany, Japan, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy relative to the United States in 1870 and 2010.
(b) For the country whose per capita real GDP rose relative to the United States between 1870 and 2010, discuss when the increase occurred.
(c) For each of the countries whose per capita real GDP fell relative to the United States between 1870 and 2010, discuss when the gap between standards of living, as measured by per capita real GDP, narrowed and when it widened.