Answer the following questions for the data displayed in Table 6.5.
a. Was either the explanatory (row) or the response (column) variable fixed before the study was conducted?
b. Is this an example of an experiment or an observational study?
c. Is this a cross-classification, cohort, or case- control study? Explain.
d. Create a segmented bar chart for the data.
e. Create a simulation study to test the one- sided hypothesis that smokers are more likely to have lung cancer. Provide a p-value and state your conclusions.
f. Use Fisher€™s exact test to test the one-sided hypothesis that smokers are more likely to have lung cancer. Provide a p-value and state your conclusions.
Table 6.5 Data from Richard Doll€™s case-control study on smoking and lung cancer.

Females Smoker Nonsmoker Total Have Lung Cancer Yes No Total 28 32 60 60 120 41 69 51 19