Common practice in chemical processing plants is to clad pipe insulation with a durable, thick aluminum foil. The functions of the foil are to confine the batt insulation and to reduce heat transfer by radiation to the surroundings. Because of the presence of chlorine (at chlorine or seaside plants), the aluminum foil surface, which is initially bright, becomes etched with in-service time, typically, the emissivity might change from 0.12 at installation to 0.36 with extended service. For a 300-mm-diameter foil-covered pipe whose surface temperature is 90°C, will this increase in emissivity due to degradation of the foil finish have a significant effect on heat loss from the pipe? Consider two cases with surroundings and ambient air at 25°C:

(a) Quiescent air and

(b) A cross-wind velocity of 10 m/s.