Determine whether the following bonds payable will be issued at maturity value, at a premium, or at a discount:
a. The market interest rate is 5%. Carlisle Corp. issues bonds payable with a stated rate of 4 1/2%.
b. Oiler, Inc., issued 7% bonds payable when the market rate was 6 3/4%.
c. Toronto Corporation issued 5% bonds when the market interest rate was 5%.
d. Ontario Company issued bonds payable that pay stated interest of 6%. At issuance, the market interest rate was 7 1/4%.