Discuss whether the following expenditures meet the ordinary, necessary, and reasonable requirements:
a. Sadie owns 5 shares of Megaconglomerate stock. She spent $4,000 to attend the annual shareholders’ meeting.
b. Sam runs a successful medical practice. Because he has a substantial investment portfolio, he spent $3,000 to attend a seminar on investing strategies.
c. Alana is a self-employed tax attorney. She spent $3,000 to attend the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ annual conference on income tax developments.
d. Kevin owns a large ranching operation. He is deeply religious and feels it is important that his employees have access to religious counseling. He hired an ordained minister to live on the ranch and be available to counsel his employees on any religious problems they might have.