Comprehensive Study of Digestive System Functions and Structures

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Biology - Anatomy

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Cards in this deck(100)

The _____ is responsible for the production of bile.

Bile acts as an _____ to break down fats in the digestive process.

The _____ is responsible for the storage of bile.

The pancreas supplies digestive enzymes and _____ to aid in digestion.

The liver is divided into four lobes: right, left, _____, and quadrate.

The falciform ligament separates the left and right lobes and suspends the liver from the _____.

The round ligament of the liver is a remnant of the _____ vein.

The _____ anchors the liver to the stomach.

The _____ is where the hepatic artery and vein enter the liver.

The _____ is the bile duct that leaves the liver.

The _____ is the bile duct that connects to the gallbladder.

The functional unit of the liver is known as the _____.

Liver lobules are composed of _____.

Hepatocytes function to filter and process _____-rich blood.

The portal triad of the liver consists of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and _____.

The hepatic artery supplies _____ to the liver.

The hepatic portal vein brings _____-rich blood from the intestine to the liver.

Liver sinusoids are _____ capillaries located between the hepatic plates.

In the liver sinusoids, stellate macrophages remove debris and old RBCs via _____ cells.

Hepatocytes produce approximately _____ mL of bile per day.

Hepatocytes produce bile, process nutrients/vitamins, and perform _____.

Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that emulsify fat and aid in _____.

Bilirubin is a pigment formed from _____.

Enterohepatic circulation conserves bile salts via the _____ portal.

95% of bile salts are _____ in the enterohepatic circulation.

Hepatitis is the _____ of the liver.

Hepatitis can be caused by viral infection, drugs, or _____.

Cirrhosis is chronic inflammation resulting from chronic hepatitis or _____.

The gallbladder stores bile by absorbing _____ and ions.

Bile is released from the gallbladder via the _____ duct then into the bile duct.

Gallstones are caused by too much cholesterol or too few _____.

Obstructive jaundice occurs when a blockage in the gallbladder causes bile salt buildup resulting in _____.

Gallstones can be treated with ultrasound vibrations, surgery, or _____.

The exocrine function of the pancreas is to produce _____.

Acini are secretory cells that produce _____ granules.

Zymogen granules contain _____.

The ducts of the pancreas secrete into the _____.

The endocrine function of the pancreas involves the secretion of insulin and glucagon via _____ cells.

The pH of pancreatic juice is approximately _____.

Pancreatic juice contains four digestive enzymes: proteases, amylase, lipases, and _____.

Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen to _____.

Procarboxypeptidase is activated by trypsin to activate _____.

Chymotrypsinogen is activated by trypsin to activate _____.

The bile duct and pancreatic duct unite in the wall of the _____.

The _____ is where the bile duct fuses with the pancreatic duct.

The _____ is where the ampulla opens into the duodenum.

The _____ controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

The hormones _____ and secretin control the release of bile and pancreatic juice.

Bile secretion is increased when there are large amounts of bile salts, secretin stimulates the gallbladder, and the hepatopancreatic sphincter is _____.

The small intestine is divided into three subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, and _____.

The blood supply to the small intestine is provided by the _____ artery.

The nerve supply to the small intestine includes parasympathetic via the vagus nerve and sympathetic via the _____ nerves.

The small intestine has modifications for absorption, including circular folds, villi, and _____.

Villi in the small intestine contain _____.

Microvilli in the small intestine contain _____ enzymes.

Brush border enzymes are involved in the digestion of carbohydrates and _____.

Intestinal crypts are tubular glands located between _____.

Villi function to absorb _____ and electrolytes.

The function of crypts in the small intestine is to produce _____.

The small intestine wall contains four types of cells: goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, paneth cells, and _____.

The small intestine contains four types of lymphoid tissue: lymphoid follicles, Peyer's patches, lamina propria, and _____.

Lamina propria cells secrete _____.

The function of duodenal glands is to _____ acidic chyme.

Chemotherapy targets the GI tract epithelium, causing patients to experience nausea, vomiting, and _____.

The major stimulus for the production of intestinal juice is _____.

It takes approximately _____ hours for the small intestine to fully absorb all nutrients.

The small intestine receives digestive enzymes, bile, and bicarbonate imported from the liver and _____.

After a meal, the small intestine undergoes segmentation and _____.

The gastro-ileal reflex involves the relaxation of the _____ sphincter to allow chyme into the large intestine.

_____ increases the motility of the ileum.

The major functions of the mouth and associated accessory organs include ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, and _____.

The major function of the pharynx and esophagus is _____.

The major functions of the stomach include mechanical breakdown, propulsion, and _____.

The major functions of the small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas include mechanical breakdown, propulsion, digestion, and _____.

The major functions of the large intestine include digestion, absorption, propulsion, and _____.

The large intestine has three unique features: teniae coli, haustra, and _____.

Teniae coli are bands of _____ muscle in the large intestine.

Haustra are _____ sacs in the large intestine.

Epiploic appendages are pouches of _____ peritoneum in the large intestine.

The large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, colon, and _____.

The colon is divided into four parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and _____.

There are _____ rectal valves in the rectum.

The anal canal opens at the _____.

The anal canal has two sphincters: internal and _____.

The internal anal sphincter is made of _____ muscle.

The external anal sphincter is made of _____ muscle.

Retroperitoneal organs include the duodenum, pancreas, cecum, appendix, and ascending/descending _____.

Appendicitis is the acute inflammation of the _____.

Appendicitis is caused by feces blockage that traps _____.

Symptoms of appendicitis include loss of appetite, nausea, and _____.

The treatment for appendicitis is an _____.

Anal columns are _____ folds in the anal canal.

Anal recesses are located between columns and secrete _____ to help with defecation.

The pectinate line is where visceral sensory nerves are above and _____ nerves are below.

If the superficial venous plexuses of the anal canal are inflamed, _____ form.

The metabolic functions of bacterial flora include fermentation and _____ synthesis.

Bacterial flora fermentation involves the fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates and _____.

Bacterial flora synthesize B complex vitamins and some vitamin _____.

Gut bacteria and health can influence body weight, susceptibility to disease, and _____.

The most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is _____.

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