Comprehensive Study of the Digestive System: Functions, Processes, and Structures

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Biology - Anatomy

user_hassanuml Created by 9 mon ago

Cards in this deck(100)

The primary function of the digestive system is to transfer _____, water, and electrolytes from food into the body.

The 6 basic functions of the digestive system include Ingestion, Motility, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption, and _____.

Ingestion involves the introduction of solid and liquid nutrients into the mouth. It's the first step in _____ and absorption.

Motility refers to muscular contractions that mix and move contents of the _____ tract.

The two types of digestive motility are Propulsive movements and _____ movements.

Propulsive movements are those that push contents forward through the _____ tract.

Mixing movements help mix food with digestive juices to aid in digestion and _____.

Digestive secretions consist of water, electrolytes, enzymes, acids, bicarbonate, and other organic substances released into the digestive tract due to _____ or hormonal stimulation.

Digestion is the mechanical and/or chemical breakdown of complex food into smaller, _____ units.

Absorption involves the transfer of digested small units, water, vitamins, and electrolytes from the digestive tract into _____ or lymph.

Elimination is the expulsion of indigestible components not absorbed by the _____ system.

The two main divisions of the digestive system are the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract and _____ organs.

The Gastrointestinal (GI) tract includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and _____.

Accessory organs of the digestive system include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and _____.

The GI tract is a continuous tube from the mouth to the _____.

Accessory organs are connected to the GI tract but are not a part of it _____.

The GI tract wall layers from innermost to outermost are Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, and _____.

Mucosa lines the luminal surface of the digestive tract and has a highly folded surface to increase _____ area.

The 3 layers within the mucosal layer are Mucous membrane, Lamina propria, and _____.

The innermost layer of the mucosa is the _____ membrane.

The middle layer of the mucosa is the _____ propria.

The outer layer of the mucosa is the _____ mucosa.

Submucosa is a thick layer of connective tissue providing distensibility and _____ to the digestive tract.

Muscularis externa is the major smooth muscle layer responsible for propulsive and _____ movements in the digestive tract.

The 2 layers within the Muscularis externa are the Circular layer and the _____ layer.

The Circular layer in Muscularis externa is the inner layer that decreases the diameter of the _____ when contracted.

The Longitudinal layer in Muscularis externa is the outer layer that _____ the tube when contracted.

Serosa is the outermost layer that secretes serous fluid to lubricate and prevent _____ between digestive organs and surrounding viscera.

The Peritoneum is a serous membrane associated with the _____ cavity.

The Parietal peritoneum lines the inside surface of the _____ wall.

The Visceral peritoneum covers the surface of internal _____.

The Peritoneal cavity is the space between the parietal and _____ peritoneum.

The Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that supports, suspends, and stabilizes _____ GI tract organs.

The 3 general categories of macromolecules are Carbohydrates, Proteins, and _____.

The 3 main characteristics of carbohydrates include being organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, being a major source of energy in the body, and including sugars and _____.

Proteins are large molecules made up of chains of _____ acids.

Lipids are nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and rings, making them hydrophobic. Ingested lipids are typically _____.

The components of the mouth include the oral cavity, lips, palate, tongue, pharynx, teeth, and _____ glands.

The two main digestive processes carried out by the mouth are Digestion and _____.

The two types of digestion in the mouth are Mechanical digestion (Mastication) and _____ digestion.

Mechanical digestion in the mouth involves Mastication, which is the _____ of food.

Chemical digestion in the mouth involves the digestion of carbohydrates by enzymes from the _____ glands.

The role of salivary glands in the mouth is to produce and secrete _____ into the oral cavity.

The primary function of saliva in terms of digestion is to contain salivary _____ for carbohydrate digestion.

Additional functions of saliva include lubrication/moistening of food, antibacterial action, serving as a solvent for taste bud stimulation, containing bicarbonate buffers, and aiding in _____.

The Esophagus is a tube that conducts ingested materials from the pharynx to the stomach, composed of stratified squamous epithelium, and runs _____ to the vertebral bodies.

The two sphincters associated with the esophagus are the Superior esophageal (pharyngoesophageal) sphincter and the _____ esophageal (cardiac) sphincter.

Swallowing (deglutition) is the most complex reflex in the body involving the coordinated contraction of 25 pairs of muscles; it can be initiated voluntarily but cannot be _____ once begun.

The three stages of swallowing are Oral, Pharyngeal, and _____.

In the Oral stage of swallowing, it is voluntary; muscles of the mouth and tongue mix food with saliva to form a _____.

In the Pharyngeal stage of swallowing, it is involuntary and initiated by receptors in the posterior oral cavity and _____.

In the Esophageal stage of swallowing, it is automatic and moves the bolus from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus, controlled by the swallowing center of the _____ stem.

Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of the muscularis that propels material through tubes in the _____ tract.

The Stomach is a J-shaped sac-like chamber lying between the esophagus and the _____ intestine.

The four main functional sections of the stomach are Cardia, Fundus, Body, and _____.

The four general functions of the stomach in digestion are Secretion, Digestion, Absorption, and _____.

The two distinct areas of the gastric mucosa where secretions occur are the Oxyntic mucosa and the _____ gland area (PGA).

The Oxyntic mucosa lines the body and fundus of the stomach and is made of _____ secretory cells.

The Pyloric gland area (PGA) lines the antrum of the stomach and is made of _____ cells.

The three types of gastric exocrine cells are Mucous cells, Chief cells, and _____ cells.

The two types of mucous cells in the stomach are Surface mucous cells and _____ neck cells.

Surface mucous cells secrete _____ mucous.

Surface mucous cells constantly secrete, with no specific _____.

The function of Surface mucous cells is to protect mucosa against mechanical, enzyme, and _____ injury.

Mucous neck cells secrete _____ mucous.

Mucous neck cells are stimulated by mechanical stimulation by _____.

Common applications include the integration of layer with stimulates, considering factors related to _____.

Chief cells produce and secrete _____, which requires a detailed explanation covering key aspects of the topic.

Pepsinogen is the inactive precursor of the proteolytic enzyme _____.

Chief cells are stimulated to secrete pepsinogen by Ach and _____.

Once activated by HCl, pepsinogen becomes pepsin and begins _____ digestion.

Parietal cells secrete _____ acid (HCl).

Parietal cells are stimulated to secrete HCl by histamine from _____ cells.

Parietal cells are stimulated to secrete HCl by ACh, gastrin, and _____.

The functions of HCl in the stomach include food breakdown, protein denaturation, pepsin activation, enhanced enzymatic activity, and protection against _____ agents.

HCl is produced in the stomach without causing damage by combining hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-) in the stomach _____.

Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and water into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into H+ and _____ (HCO3-).

H+ is pumped into the stomach lumen by a _____ pump.

As HCO3- is transported out of the parietal cell into the blood, Cl- is brought into the _____.

Cl- enters the stomach lumen by diffusing through _____.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is formed in the stomach when Cl- combines with _____ in the stomach lumen.

The primary type of gastric endocrine cell is the _____ cell, which requires a detailed explanation covering key aspects of the topic.

G Cells secrete _____, which requires a detailed explanation covering key aspects of the topic.

G Cells are stimulated to secrete gastrin by mechanical stimulation by _____.

The function of gastrin is to stimulate parietal and chief cells and to stimulate stomach _____.

Surface mucous cells secrete _____ mucus.

Surface mucous cells are constantly secreting with no specific _____.

The function of Alkaline mucus from Surface mucous cells is to protect mucosa against mechanical, pepsin, and _____ injury.

Mucous neck cells secrete _____ mucus.

Historically, the development of secrete in relation to parietal and muscularis involved the integration of secrete with parietal, considering factors related to _____.

Examples of mucosa in relation to the mouth include the integration of mucosa with the mouth, considering factors related to _____.

Chief cells secrete _____, which requires a detailed explanation covering key aspects of the topic.

Chief cells are stimulated by ACh and _____.

The function of Pepsinogen from Chief cells is that when activated by HCl, it becomes pepsin and begins _____ digestion.

The integration of parietal with muscularis in relation to digestion is measured by considering factors related to _____.

Parietal cells are stimulated by ACh, gastrin, and _____.

The function of HCl from Parietal cells includes activating pepsinogen, denaturing proteins, and killing _____.

The function in relation to the stomach and into is important because of the integration of function with the stomach, considering factors related to _____.

G cells are stimulated by mechanical stimulation by _____.

The definition of muscularis in relation to digestion and secrete involves the integration of muscularis with digestion, considering factors related to _____.

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Comprehensive Study of the Digestive System: Functions, Processes, and Structures

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