what are the two sphincters in the urethra? vasa recta smooth muscle (involuntary) and skeletal muscle (voluntary) overall goal of kidney nephron filtering/flowing

smooth muscle (involuntary) and skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Urinary System

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Biology - Anatomy

user_hodr Created by 9 mon ago

Cards in this deck(92)

as food is metabolized to produce energy, toxic wastes are formed as a - all chemical reactions create a

expelled through respiratory system (expiration)

is excreted from kidneys (production of urine)

produce urine, which then travels to the bladder (reservoir for urine)

what plays a crucial role in electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance?

(a pair) which form urine, rich in blood, right is slightly lower

transport urine to bladder, muscular

stretches, stores and eliminate urine - full when it expands

transports urine out of body

what are the two sphincters in the urethra?

senses fullness of bladder

holding bladder in

a major excretory organ, maintains the body's internal environment

producing erythropoietin and renin (regulates RBC production and regulates BP, respectively)

bodies need to eliminate waste, to avoid

filtered blood, filtered by kidneys

too big to pass through "filter system" should not enter urine

stuff that can fit through the filter system

90 ml made every minute by kidneys, constantly ______

~180 liters of blood processed everyday but less than ____ excreted as urine

everything that passes through "the filter" at the beginning of the nephron

2 bean shaped organs posteriorly located in abdomen (T12-L3 level, right slightly lower)

what are the regions of the kidneys?

outer region of the kidney

inner region of the kidney

triangular-shaped areas of tissue in the medulla of the kidney

extends from the cortex to the medulla - separates pyramids

bundles of collecting ducts - urine is formed here

The cuplike structures which drain urine from the collecting ducts

funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter

cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae

areas that collect urine from minor calyces, empty urine into renal pelvis

urine flow

kidneys receive unfiltered arterial blood via ______ arising off the abdominal aorta

must reach the nephron

the functional unit of the kidney

kidneys receive ____ of cardiac output via _____

filtered venous blood returns to the vena cava via the

inside the kidneys there are many ____

What are the two main parts of the nephron?

at the beginning of the nephron there is a

capillaries, site of blood filtration, located in cortex "ball of yarn"

site of absorption, located in cortex

site of urine secretion, located in medulla

site of secretion, located in cortex

collecting duct is not part of the ____, where urine collects

parts of the nephron

give rise to the glomerulus

A network of filtering capillaries which are closely surrounded by the proximal end of the nephron

glomerulus and bowman's capsule together constitute the _________

the site of blood plasma filtrations

fenestrated capillaries at _______ (porous capillaries), tiny holes

"ooze" out filtrate; "collects" filtrate

as filtrate passes through the nephron majority of _____ is reabsorbed, hence making a concentrated solution of wastes (urine)

highly permeable to water, ions and small molecules

afferent arteriole carries ___________ glomerulus - efferent arteriole carries ____________ the glomerulus

glomerulus are different from other capillary beds because they are ______ by arteriole

afferent arterioles are _______ in diameter than efferent arterioles - arterioles are high-resistance vessels

afferent arteriole enters glomerulus and leaves via

efferent feed into either ________ or _______

low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes - arise from efferent arterioles - cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex - empty into venules

Long, thin-walled vessels parallel to long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons - Arise from efferent arterioles serving juxtamedullary nephrons

cup-like sac that receives filtrate from glomerulus

What are the two layers in the bowman's capsule?

simple squamous epithelium

clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes

specialized cells that wrap around glomerular capillaries - allow water and small solutes to pass - blocks blood cells and large proteins - they stay in bloodstream

extensions terminate in foot processes that cling to basement membrane

filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into ____

has waste but also substances the body needs - ions, glucose, amino acids

is about 3cm (1.2 in) long - modifies filtrate from glomerulus (proximal and distal) - reabsorbs ions, nutrients, and water - returns them to blood

What are the three major parts of the renal tubule?

proximal, closest to renal corpuscle

distal, farthest from renal corpuscle

dct drains into

1st segment through which filtrate passes - here approximately 2/3 of the filtrate is reabsorbed including water and salts (65%) and all organic solutes (ie glucose and amino acids)

_______ is actively transported out of the tubule, ______ naturally follows it to even out the osmotic pressure

comprised of descending and ascending limb - lined with cells that use ATP to actively pump sodium out of filtrate, water passively flows - sips into the medulla - very salty environment

concentrates salts in the tissue of the loop of henle surrounds the nephron to further recover H20 from the filtrate by

reabsorption of additional salts - water regulation by endocrine system (ie ADH and aldosterone)

remaining filtrate, now urine, passes through here

from collecting duct urine will flow to .......

remove water from filtrate to prevent dehydration - works because of different degrees of permeability of the ascending and descending loop of henle to water and due to active chloride transport in ascending loop - two side serve opposing functions

impermeable to ions - permeable to water - osmotic differential pulls water out - composed of thin cells with no microvilli

reabsorbs Na+ Cl- - impermeable to H20 - composed of thick cells with many mitochondria

osmotic loss of water further concentrating

true or false: urine is more concentrated than blood plasma

descending limb of loop of henle is _____ permeable but not permeable to _____

easily flows to the salty tissue surrounding it (reabsorbed) in loop of henle

ascending limp of loop of henle is permeable to _____ not _____

This countering action results in ___________ to saturate the IF with salt, in turn pulling out _______

Loop of Henle dips into the _______ - which is very salty tissue

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