What is the relationship between plasma volume, blood volume, and blood pressure in maintaining H2O balance? Plasma volume increases blood volume and blood pressure Plasma volume has no effect on blood volume and blood pressure Plasma volume only affects blood pressure, not blood volume Plasma volume decreases blood volume and blood pressure

Plasma volume increases blood volume and blood pressure

How does the kidney contribute to acid-base balance through H+/HCO3 output? By only excreting H+ without affecting HCO3 By only reabsorbing HCO3 without affecting H+ By reabsorbing excess H+ and excreting HCO3 By excreting excess H+ and reabsorbing HCO3

By excreting excess H+ and reabsorbing HCO3

What role does the kidney play in the excretion of urea, drugs, and medications? The kidney stores these substances for later use The kidney does not interact with these substances The kidney converts these substances into energy The kidney filters and excretes these substances

The kidney filters and excretes these substances

Which hormones are synthesized by the kidney, and what are their functions? Erythropoietin (EPO) for RBC production and renin for blood pressure regulation Melatonin for sleep regulation and serotonin for mood balance Thyroxine for metabolism and adrenaline for fight-or-flight response Insulin for glucose regulation and cortisol for stress response

Erythropoietin (EPO) for RBC production and renin for blood pressure regulation

How is vitamin D activated in the body, and what role does the kidney play in this process? The kidney deactivates vitamin D to prevent toxicity The kidney does not interact with vitamin D The kidney stores vitamin D without activating it The kidney activates vitamin D through enzymatic conversion

The kidney activates vitamin D through enzymatic conversion

What is the primary function of the nephron in urine formation? Storage of urine until excretion Conversion of urine into energy Reabsorption of urine into the bloodstream Filtration of blood to form urine

Filtration of blood to form urine

What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in glomerular filtration, and where does it occur? It drives filtration in the glomerulus based on size It drives filtration in the ureter based on chemical composition It occurs in the bladder and aids in urine storage It occurs in the renal tubule and is pressure-independent

It drives filtration in the glomerulus based on size

What is tubular reabsorption, and where does it occur? Movement of substances from the tubule into the blood Excretion of urine from the body Filtration of blood to form urine Movement of substances from the blood into the tubule

Movement of substances from the tubule into the blood

What is tubular secretion, and what is its primary function? Filtration of blood to form urine Reabsorption of substances from the tubule into the blood Storage of urine until excretion Movement of substances from the blood into the tubule for excretion

Movement of substances from the blood into the tubule for excretion

Urinary system

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Biology - Anatomy

user_kumartyv Created by 9 mon ago

Cards in this deck(79)

What is the relationship between plasma volume, blood volume, and blood pressure in maintaining H2O balance?

How does the kidney contribute to acid-base balance through H+/HCO3 output?

What role does the kidney play in the excretion of urea, drugs, and medications?

Which hormones are synthesized by the kidney, and what are their functions?

How is vitamin D activated in the body, and what role does the kidney play in this process?

What is the primary function of the nephron in urine formation?

What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in glomerular filtration, and where does it occur?

What is tubular reabsorption, and where does it occur?

What is tubular secretion, and what is its primary function?

Where does active reabsorption and secretion begin in the nephron?

What is the characteristic of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?

What is the characteristic of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

What is the effect of having a longer Loop of Henle on reabsorption?

What substances are secreted by the distal convoluted tubule?

How does aldosterone affect resorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

What is the function of collecting ducts in the nephron?

How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect water resorption and urine output?

What effect does alcohol have on ADH and dehydration?

How do podocytes alter the filtration rate in the glomerulus?

What drives the filtration process in the glomerulus?

What is the role of glomerular hydrostatic pressure in filtration?

How does osmotic pressure affect fluid movement in the glomerulus?

What is the function of the hydrostatic pressure of the capsule in the kidney?

What is net filtration pressure, and how is it determined?

How does hypertension affect the filtration process in the kidneys?

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans?

Where does most reabsorption occur in the nephron?

What percentage of water is reabsorbed in the nephron?

What percentage of sodium (Na+) is reabsorbed in the nephron?

What percentage of glucose is reabsorbed in a healthy person's nephron?

What percentage of urea is reabsorbed in the nephron?

Where does Na+ reabsorption occur in the nephron?

How does Na+ reabsorption create a sodium gradient in the nephron?

What happens when transport membrane proteins reach a saturation point?

What is the maximum transport rate, and when is it reached?

How is glucose reabsorbed in a healthy person's nephron?

What is tubular secretion, and how does it remove unwanted substances?

How is penicillin handled by the kidney during tubular secretion?

How is excretion calculated in the kidney?

What factors determine the excretion rate in the kidney?

What is clearance rate, and how does it relate to kidney function?

What is inulin, and how is it used in kidney function tests?

How is inulin used to determine nephron function?

How do kidneys create extremely concentrated urine?

How does aldosterone affect urine output?

What is the effect of low water intake on ADH and urine composition?

What are aquaporins, and what is their function in the kidney?

What is the effect of high water intake on ADH and urine composition?

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and how is it maintained?

What is the average GFR in males?

What is the average GFR in females?

What is intrinsic control in renal autoregulation, and what is its range?

What is extrinsic control in the kidneys, and when is it activated?

What is myotonic autoregulation, and how does it maintain GFR?

What happens when the afferent arteriole smooth muscle is relaxed?

What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism during low blood pressure?

What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism during high blood pressure?

What is the function of granular cells (JG cells) in response to low blood pressure?

What is the role of macula densa cells in regulating GFR?

What is the function of mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

What stimuli activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) control in the kidneys?

What is the mechanism of SNS control in the kidneys?

What is the effect of SNS control on systemic arterioles?

How does SNS control affect afferent arterioles and urine production?

What systems are involved in extrinsic control of the kidneys?

What stimuli activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

How is angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin I?

How is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure?

How does angiotensin II affect aldosterone release and sodium reabsorption?

What is the active effect of angiotensin II on sodium and potassium?

What is the passive effect of angiotensin II on water and copper (Cu) retention?

What is the process of urination called?

What type of muscle is the internal sphincter composed of, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

What type of muscle is the external sphincter composed of, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

How does water move into the interstitial fluid in the nephron?

Where is urine most concentrated in the nephron?

What is the lowest volume of concentrated urine produced during dehydration?

What is the osmolarity of dehydrated, concentrated urine?

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