How many vertebrae are in the human vertebral column, and how are they distributed across different regions? 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coccygeal (fused) 30 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 3 sacral, 3 coccygeal 35 vertebrae: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 5 coccygeal 32 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 4 sacral, 4 coccygeal

33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coccygeal (fused)

Which of the following are functions of the vertebrae in the human body? Movement and flexibility, support, balance, protection, shock absorption, attachment point for muscles Vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch Blood circulation, oxygen transport, nutrient absorption, waste removal Hormone regulation, immune response, temperature control, sensory perception

Movement and flexibility, support, balance, protection, shock absorption, attachment point for muscles

What are the primary and secondary curves of the spine, and how are they characterized? Primary curves: thoracic lordosis, sacral lordosis; Secondary curves: cervical kyphosis, lumbar kyphosis Primary curves: cervical kyphosis, lumbar kyphosis; Secondary curves: thoracic lordosis, sacral lordosis Primary curves: cervical lordosis, lumbar lordosis; Secondary curves: thoracic kyphosis, sacral kyphosis Primary curves: thoracic kyphosis, sacral kyphosis; Secondary curves: cervical lordosis, lumbar lordosis

Primary curves: thoracic kyphosis, sacral kyphosis; Secondary curves: cervical lordosis, lumbar lordosis

What are the components of an intervertebral disc, and what is its function? Cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule Bone marrow, periosteum, compact bone Ligaments, tendons, muscle fibers Specialized fibrocartilage link, tough outer ring (annulus fibrosis), gelatinous nucleus pulposis

Specialized fibrocartilage link, tough outer ring (annulus fibrosis), gelatinous nucleus pulposis

What type of joints are facet joints, and what is their role in weight-bearing? Pivot joints, bear approximately 10% weight in hyperextension Hinge joints, bear approximately 50% weight in hyperextension Ball and socket joints, bear approximately 20% weight in hyperextension Plane joints, bear approximately 30% weight in hyperextension and when flexed

Plane joints, bear approximately 30% weight in hyperextension and when flexed

How does the orientation of facet joints differ across the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions? Cervical: nearly vertical in sagittal plane, Thoracic: nearly horizontal, Lumbar: nearly vertical in frontal plane Cervical: nearly vertical, Thoracic: nearly horizontal, Lumbar: nearly vertical in frontal plane Cervical: nearly horizontal, Thoracic: nearly vertical in frontal plane, Lumbar: nearly vertical in sagittal plane Cervical: nearly vertical in frontal plane, Thoracic: nearly vertical in sagittal plane, Lumbar: nearly horizontal

Cervical: nearly horizontal, Thoracic: nearly vertical in frontal plane, Lumbar: nearly vertical in sagittal plane

Which ligaments limit spinal flexion and extension, and where are they located? Rotator cuff tendons, glenoid labrum, acromioclavicular ligament, coracoacromial ligament Cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, patellar ligament, meniscus Interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum, posterior longitudinal ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament Achilles tendon, plantar fascia, deltoid ligament, spring ligament

Interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum, posterior longitudinal ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament

spine and trunk

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Physics - Biomechanics

snashuhaimdinx Created by 9 mon ago

Cards in this deck(44)

How many vertebrae are in the human vertebral column, and how are they distributed across different regions?

What structures provide shock absorption between separate vertebrae in the spine?

Which of the following are functions of the vertebrae in the human body?

What are the primary and secondary curves of the spine, and how are they characterized?

Which type of joint is found in the thoracic vertebrae?

Through which structure do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

What are the components of an intervertebral disc, and what is its function?

What type of joints are facet joints, and what is their role in weight-bearing?

How does the orientation of facet joints differ across the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions?

Which ligaments limit spinal flexion and extension, and where are they located?

What factors determine the amplitude of spinal motion in osteokinematics?

How does mobility vary across the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the vertebral column?

What is the typical active range of motion (ROM) for lumbar flexion, and what limits it?

What is the typical active range of motion (ROM) for lumbar extension and lateral flexion, and what limits them?

How do the facet surfaces of the superior vertebra move during lumbar flexion and extension?

What is the relationship between hip movement and lumbar posture in lumbo-pelvic movement?

What is the typical active range of motion (ROM) for lumbar rotation, and what limits it?

What is the typical active range of motion (ROM) for thoracic flexion and extension, and how does it vary across the thoracic region?

What is the typical active range of motion (ROM) for thoracic rotation?

What is the typical active range of motion (ROM) for thoracic lateral flexion, and what limits it?

What is the range of motion for cervical flexion and extension, and where does most of this motion occur?

What is the typical range of motion for cervical extension, and how is it distributed?

What is the typical range of motion for cervical flexion, and what limits it?

What movements constitute cervical protraction and retraction?

What is the full range of rotation in the cervical region, and where does most of this rotation occur?

What is the typical range of motion for cervical lateral flexion, and where does most of this movement occur?

Which muscle groups are involved in the movement of the trunk?

What is the mobile/stable rule for muscle action within the axial skeleton?

How does bilateral activation of muscles differ from unilateral activation in terms of axial skeleton movement?

What is the difference between eccentric and concentric muscle activations in relation to gravity?

Which muscles act as agonists during trunk flexion against gravity?

Which muscles act as agonists during trunk extension against gravity?

Which muscles act as agonists during trunk lateral flexion against gravity?

Which muscles act as agonists during trunk rotation?

Which muscles act as agonists and synergists during neck extension?

Which muscles act as agonists during neck flexion?

Which muscles act as agonists during lateral flexion of the neck?

Which muscles are involved in ipsilateral head rotation?

Which muscle is involved in contralateral head rotation?

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there, and how are they distributed across different regions?

Where do the cervical nerves C1-C7 exit in relation to the vertebrae?

Where do the thoracic nerves T1-T12 exit in relation to the vertebrae?

Where do the lumbar nerves L1-L5 exit in relation to the vertebrae?

Through which structure do the sacral nerves S1-S5 exit?

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