orthoclase, plagioclase, quartz, biotite. these minerals have oxygen and silicon in common hard water moist soil leads to physical properties of minerals four common minerals important in soil formation

four common minerals important in soil formation

oxygen and silicon oxygen often serves as a metamorphic rocks most common elements in the lithosphere clastic sedimentary rocks

most common elements in the lithosphere

Soil Science Lab Week 2

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Chemistry - Physical Chemistry

snashuhaimdinx Created by 9 mon ago

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process of soil formation

Materials such as fallen leaves, wind-blown dust, or chemicals from air pollution that may be added to the soil are additions.

water evaporation, deep percolation, erosion, harvesting, deep leaching

diffusion of vapor, bioturbation , leaching, wind

Materials may be altered in the soil, resulting in transformations. Examples include organic matter decay, weathering of minerals to smaller particles, or chemical reactions.

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition

A solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

shapeless ex: obsidian

orthoclase, plagioclase, quartz, biotite. these minerals have oxygen and silicon in common

oxygen and silicon

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium

a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with sulfur -pyrite FeS2 -sphalerite ZnS readily oxidized in moist soils

Minerals containing oxygen and a metal -hematite Fe2O3 readily oxidized producing red colors

insoluble

Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements -halite NaCl -sylvite KCl rock salt, sometimes found in desert soils

Minerals that contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements -calcite CaCO3 -dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 calcareous, reacts to acid, weathers easily in most soils. dolomite reacts less than calcite

minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen -gypsum CaSO4*2H2O a common agricultural amendment sometimes found in desert soils

Phosphorous-based nutrients commonly found in fertilizers and pesticides -apatite Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) the only significant source of phosphorous

minerals that contain silicon and oxygen and usually one or more other elements, MOST COMMON -olivine : most easily weathered by silicates -augite : susceptible to hydration and oxidation -hornblende : susceptible to oxidation and hydration, but more resistant than augite -micas (muscovite and biotite) : soft, resistant to weathering -quartz : hard, most resistant to weathering -serpentine : green color, rich in magnesium

color, luster(metallic/nonmetallic), cleavage, fracture, hardness

feldspar. most common minerals, hard and resistant to weathering

feldspar. most common minerals, hard and weathers

quartz

A scale ranking ten minerals from softest to hardest; used in testing the hardness of minerals

elements an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce (18) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, managanese, boron, zinc, copper, chlorine, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel

Oxygen (O), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg)

Atmosphere

Water

Atmosphere

decomposing material

Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. Ex: granite (magma) and obsidian (lava)

rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth's surface. slow cooling and minerals can be seen at a macroscopic size

Igneous rocks that are erupted from a volcano and crystallize at Earth's surface, cool and solidify rapidly, glassy or microcrystalline

Describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color. dominated by quartz and orthoclase

describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color. calcic plagioclase and ferromagnesian minerals

-granite: intrusive felsic -rhyolite: extrusive felsic -diorite: intrusive intermediate -andesite: extrusive intermediate -gabbro: intrusive mafic -basalt: extrusive mafic -peridotite: intrusive ultramafic

A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together, makes up most of earths continental crust

A sedimentary rock composed of weathered fragments of older rock.

A term for the texture of sedimentary rocks in which the minerals form a pattern of interlocking crystals.

-claystone : clay -siltstone : silt -mudtsone : silt + clay -shale : thinly layered mud -wacke sandstone : sand, mud, pebbles -arenite sandstone : 85% sand, mud, pebbles -conglomerate: gravel, sand mud, quarts, orthoclase, quartzite

-limestone : calcite -dolomite -gypsum -chert : microcrystalline quartz

Made when heat, pressure, or fluids change one type of rock into another type of rock

Term used to describe metamorphic rocks whose grains are arranged in parallel layers or bands.

the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands

-slate : strongly layered, flat, fine quartz and mica, made from shale -schist : wavy foliation, micas quartz and feldspars, made from shale or other slate -gneiss : more faint stratification, made from granitic rocks

-marble : calcite cleavage visible, fizzes to release CO2, made from limestone -quartzite : hard, very resistant to weathering, made from quartz arenite -serpentinite : high magnesium, green, made from peridotite, california state rock

breaking into smaller pieces. Surface area increases.

any process that changes a single substance into two or more other substances, occurs faster with a greater surface area in wet and warm environments.

carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis, redox, solution laboratory experimentation

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water, involves splitting water molecules during the reaction. all minerals weather by hydrolysis

hydrolysis

soluble in water, can be absorbed by clay/organic material, used by plants or removed through leaching by water drainage

hydroxide which increased the pH

carbonic acid

rainwater has CO2 dissolved in it, a weak carbonic acid. reacts with calcium carbonate - limestone, and dissolves it

The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants

dissolving of rocks or minerals by rainwater. This is a means of transportation as well as an erosion process.

acidic

Water that has a high concentration of dissolved minerals, especially calcium bicarbonate

carbonic acid

CaCo3

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

oxidized

reduced

oxidizing agent

oxidation

reduction

Soil that formed under poor drainage, resulting in the reduction of iron and other elements in the profile and in gray colors.

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Soil Science Lab Week 2

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