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Psychology - Social Psychology

jake12testoswi Created by 10 mon ago

Cards in this deck(100)

How behavior, thoughts, and feelings influence and are influenced by social groups

Attribute behavior to personality

Attribute behavior to situation

The tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional attributions in others and under-emphasize situational attributions -influenced by culture -also called actor-observer bias

We attribute our successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes

Observer tends to think people get what they deserve

Observer tends to assume the actor is behaving similarly to how she would in the same situation

Forming first knowledge about a new person -assigning them to categories and predicting their behavior -primacy effect -social categorization -implicit personality theories

First impression often lasts longest even when we learn more later

Assigning new person to a group or groups -automatic and subconscious -are often based on stereotypes off superficial characteristics (physical appearance or dress)

We implicitly associate types of people with certain personality traits

Posits three components of attitudes 1. affective 2. behavior 3. cognition

Most likely to influence behavior when external influences are minimal, attitude is stable, specific to the behavior, and easily recalled

-don't always predict behavior -not always practical -general, rather than specific -strong vs weak -importance/relevance -biological drives

-social norms (vs. practicality) -logic (vs biological traits)

The process by which one person tries to change the attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or actions of another person

Offers evidence and arguments in favor -works when people are naturally analytical or already involved in the issue -focuses on the message

Uses uninformative cues that produce fast judgments (ex. celebrity endorsements or attractive people) -source -emotions -medium

Attitudes change to create cognitive consistency (which is how associations can influence attitudes)

Relationship when a person (P), an other person (O), and objects (X) -balance when there are three positives or two negatives and a positive

When creating new attitudes, we compare the new idea to our existing attitudes -subconscious and occurs at the moment of perception -latitude of acceptance -latitude of non-commitment -latitude of rejection -ego involvement

The range of positions a person is ready to accept or agree

The range of positions a person feels neutral or indifferent about

The range of positions a person finds objectionable

How invested you are in the idea

Following up a small request with a larger one increases compliance

Making a larger request, and following it up with a smaller one

Increasing the cost of a commitment, after it has already been made

Occurs when your beliefs/attitudes and behaviors clash -awareness of this creates unpleasant tension

1. change the behavior to match the attitude 2. change attitude to match behavior 3. justify the behavior

Heuristics in decision making

Adopting a new role changes behavior and attitudes -Stanford Prison Experiment (Philip Zimbardo) -students randomly assigned to be guards or prisoners -only after a few days their behavior became extreme

Changing your behavior to match the behavior of others

Behaviors are contagious

Conformity on reporting which line matches the first -participants conformed 1/3 of the time to the incorrect response -conformity increased with group size -conformity decreased with correct responses -women conform more than men in public -collectivist cultures conform more than non

Liking and acceptance by others

Information on how to behave in ambiguous situations

Changing one's behavior at the direct order of an authority figure

Participants were told that they were in an experiment on learning, they were told to shock a "learner" when questions were answered wrong "Learners" acted as if they were in extreme pain following the more intense shocks Milgram wanted to see who would obey and actually give the shocks (65% of people gave highest level of shock)

No personality traits who will and will not obey -nobody more dependent or susceptible -effect of foot-in-the-door technique

-may psychologically harm the well-being of participants -deception -right to withdraw His Response: -deception was necessary -difficulty withdrawing was necessary

Occurs when people feel it is more important to maintain group cohesiveness than consider facts realistically -sinking of Titanic -Challenger shuttle explosion

Beliefs and attitudes grow stronger when discussed with like-minded individuals

Positive influence of a group on one's performance on a task

A negative influence of a group on one's performance on a task

The tendency for people to put less effort into a task when working with others

The lessening of an individual's sense of personal identity and responsibility

Any group of people with a particular set of religious or philosophical beliefs and identity -occasionally cause people to do extreme behaviors (ex. murder or suicide) -target susceptible people -use techniques to gain compliance (ex. love bombing; isolation from others; teach members not to question or criticize; slowly increase commitments)

When a person holds an unsupported (often negative) attitude about members of a social category or group -beliefs (in this case, stereotypes) -emotions -predispositions to act (discrimination)

Treating people in a group differently based on prejudice -can control discrimination, but not prejudice

Prejudice is formed the same way as other attitudes -experience and learning, particularly social learning

You alter your behavior in a way that makes your beliefs true 0treat someone according to stereotypes and they conform -confirmation bias -vivid cases

We are more likely to notice information that confirms our beliefs

Judge frequency of events by how easily we remember them

Belief that people get what they deserve

We categorize people, identify with a group, and compare ourselves with out-groups

Greater recognition for own-race faces

Us vs Them

Person or group that is targeted for blame

Increasing Prejudice and discrimination are tied to increasing conflict between in groups and out groups

-war and disease (disgust) -human civilizations used to have good reasons to be prejudiced against out-groups

The process of depriving a person or group of positive human qualities -extreme end of prejudice -often compare people to animals or insects

The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group to destroy that nation or group -results from dehumanization and prejudice (particularly scapegoating and realistic conflict)

Feeling anxious (vulnerability) or threatened by situations where a negative stereotype of your group may apply

1. intergroup contact 2. equal status contact 3. jigsaw classroom

When someone deliberately harms a person via physical actions or words

Motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

Motivated by achieving a goal

-genetics -brain -biochemical -evolution

Aggression is heritable

Multiple areas of the brain are involved with aggression

There are hormones and drugs that influence aggression

Aggression is (and was) a useful survival tool for humans

-frustration-aggression hypothesis -learning -certain social situaitons

Frustration (when someone is prevented from reaching a desired goal) causes aggression

Behaviors (aggressive or not) are reinforced

Aggression is also influenced by observational learning

-taking on a learned social role can increase aggressive behavior -but also naturally

Repeated negative treatment of another person -to cause harm -to bond with friends and establish in and out groups -establish norms and punish violations -increase self-esteem of bully

-anxiety and depression -suicide -decreased academic performance

-education -communication -hobbies -modeling

Online bulling, typically anonymous -hard to prevent, but just as bad for victims

The probability of helping is inversely proportional to the number of bystanders -partly due to diffusion of responsibility

When someone intentionally behaves to benefit other humans

Helping someone with no benefits to yourself -humans consciously have this

Emotional - good feeling abt self Emotional - feeling someone else's pain or needs Cognitive - knowing rationally that you want to ease the suffering of others

-reciprocity -social elevation -social norms -kin selection

Liking or desiring a relationship with another person -physical attractiveness -proximity -similarity -reciprocity of liking

-facial symmetry -WOMEN: large eyes, high cheekbones, narrow jawline, slender build, lower waist-to-hip ratio -MEN: tall, broad shoulders, narrow waist

A person's emotional and erotic attraction towards another individual

Opposite sex attraction

Same sex attraction (1-3% of pop'n)

Attracted to either the same or opposite sex partners

Biological - genes, brain structure, hormones Environmental - no clear differences in socialization or family experience

Belief that sex is for reproduction and should follow marriage

Belief that sex is for building commitment in relationships

Belief that sex is for pleasure and morally benign

Short-term sexual relationships, became more common after the sexual revolution, leveling off now -increased due to better access to contraception, abortion, disease safety, and college/work/economic participation -more believe that their peers are having more sex than they are -more accepted in the gay community

High consistent across cultures: smiling, arched eyebrows, gaze, proximity -individuals are poor at detecting flirtation (less effective than software) -we confuse excitement for attraction -men tend to over perceive interest

Dating multiple partners at the same time (open relationship)

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Week 6/Week 7

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