For each of the following actions, identify whether the method of risk assessment motivating your action is due to the value at risk or the standard deviation of an underlying probability distribution.
a. You buy life insurance.
b. You hire an investment advisor who specializes in international diversification in stock portfolios.
c. In your role as a central bankeryou provide emergency loans to illiquid intermediaries.
d. You open a kiosk at the mall selling ice cream and hot chocolate.