Hard shell clams may be sampled by using a dredge. Clams do not tend to be uniformly distributed in a body of water, however, as some areas provide better habitat than others. Thus, taking a simple random sample is likely to result in a large estimated variance for the number of clams in an area. Russell (1972) used stratified random sampling to estimate the total number of bushels of hard shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The area of interest was divided into four strata based on preliminary surveys that identified areas in which clams were abundant. Then n dredge tows were made in stratum h, for h = 1, 2, 3, 4. The acreage for each stratum was known, and Russell calculated that the area fished during a standard dredge tow was 0.039 acres, so that we may use N = 25.6 × Areah.
a. Here are the results from the survey taken before the commercial season. Estimate the total number of bushels of clams in the area, and give the standard error of your estimate.

b. Another survey was performed at the end of the commercial season. In this survey, strata 1, 2, and 3 were collapsed into a single stratum, called stratum 1 below. Estimate the total number of bushels of clams (with standard error) at the end of the season.

Number of Stratum (Acres Tows Made Average Number of Bushels Sample Variance for Stratum Area per Tow 0.44 1.17 3.92 1.80 0.068 0.042 2.146 0.794 4 222.81 49.61 50.25 197.81 Area Number of Stratum (Acres Tows Made Average Number per Tow 0.63 Sample Variance for Stratum Tows MadeofBushels 322.67 197.81 0.083 0.046 0.40