In environmental studies, sex ratios are of great importance. Wolf society, packs, and ecology have been studied extensively at different locations in the U.S. and foreign countries. Sex ratios for eight study sites in northern Europe are shown below (based on The Wolf by L. D. Mech, University of Minnesota Press):

It is hypothesized that in winter, €œloner€ males (not present in summer packs) join the pack to increase survival rate. Use a 5% level of significance to test the claim that the average percentage of males in a wolf pack is higher in winter.
Please provide the following information.
(a) What is the level of significance? State the null and alternate hypotheses. Will you use a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test?
(b) What sampling distribution will you use? What assumptions are you making? Compute the value of the sample test statistic.
(c) Find (or estimate) the P-value. Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to the P-value.
(d) Based on your answers in parts (a)€“(c), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Are the data statistically significant at level α?
(e) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application.
Assume that the distribution of differences is approximately normal.

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Gender Study of Large Wolf Packs Location of Wolf Pack Finland Finland Finland Lapland Lapland Russia Russia Russia % Males (Winter) % Males (Summer) 53 51 89 48 64 50 50 50 45