In the study An Evaluation of the Removal Method for Estimating Benthic Populations and Diversity conducted by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University on the Jackson River, 5 different sampling procedures were used to determine the species count. Twenty samples were selected at random and each of the 5 sampling procedures was repeated 4 times. The species counts were recorded as follows:

(a) Is there a significant difference in the average species count for the different sampling procedures? Use a P-value in your conclusion.

(b) Use Tukey's test with α = 0.05 to find which sampling procedures differ.

Sampling Procedure Substrate Removal Kick- Deple- Modified Hess 75 Surber Kicknet 31 43 tion net 85 55 17 10 45 35 20 21 15 40 77 67 37 27 15