Jivraj and Juma are accountants at Desktop Computers. Desktop Computers has not adopted the revaluation model for accounting for its property, plant, and equipment. They disagree over the following transactions that occurred during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013:

1. Desktop purchased equipment for $60,000 at a going-out-of-business sale. The equipment was worth $75,000.

Jivraj believes that the following entry should be made:

Equipment..........................................................75,000

Cash.................................................................60,000

Gain on Fair Value Adjustment of Equipment............................15,000

2. Land costing $90,000 was appraised at $215,000. Jivraj suggests the following journal entry:

Land................................................................125,000

Gain on Fair Value Adjustment of Land.................................125,000

3. Depreciation for the year was $18,000. Since the company's profit is expected to be lower this year, Jivraj suggests deferring depreciation to a year when there is higher profit.

4. Desktop bought a custom-made piece of equipment for $54,000. This equipment has a useful life of six years. Desktop depreciates equipment using the straight-line method. "Since the equipment is custom-made, it will have no resale value," Jivraj argues. "So, instead of depreciating it, it should be expensed immediately." Jivraj suggests the following entry:

Miscellaneous Expense............................................54,000

Cash.............................................................................54,000

5. Jivraj suggests that the company building should be reported on the balance sheet at the lower of cost and fair value. Fair value is $15,000 less than cost, although it is expected to recover its value in the future.

6. On December 20, 2013, Desktop hired a marketing consultant to design and implement a marketing plan in 2014. The plan will be designed and implemented in three stages. The contract amount is $60,000, payable in three instalments in 2014 as each stage of the plan is completed. Jivraj argues that the contract must be recorded in 2013 because there is a signed contract. Jivraj suggests the following:

Advertising Expense...........................................60,000

Accounts Payable..........................................................60,000

7. On December 23, Desktop received a written sales order for 10 computers. The computers will be shipped in January when the required soft ware is installed. Jivraj suggests the following entries:

Accounts Receivable........................103,000

Sales ............................................................103,000

Cost of Goods Sold...........................53,000

Merchandise Inventory........................................53,000

Juma disagrees with Jivraj on each of the situations.

Instructions

(a) For each transaction, indicate why Juma disagrees. Support your answer with reference to the conceptual framework (definition of elements, qualitative characteristics, assumptions, constraints, and recognition and measurement criteria).

(b) Prepare the correct journal entry to record each transaction.

Taking It Further

How would your response in (a) differ if Desktop adopted the revaluation model of accounting for its property, plant, and equipment?