Listed below are the numbers of years it took for a random sample of college students to earn bachelor’s degrees (based on data from the National Center for Education Statistics). Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that for all college students, the mean time required to earn a bachelor’s degree is greater than 4.0 years. Is there anything about the data that would suggest that the conclusion might not be valid?

4 4 4 4 4 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 6 8 9 9 13 13 15

Use either the P-value method or the critical value method for testing hypotheses. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses, test statistic, P-value (or range of P-values), critical value(s), and state the final conclusion that addresses the original claim.