Many new stockbrokers resist giving presentations to bankers and certain other groups. Sensing this lack of self-confidence, management arranged to have a confidence-building seminar for a sample of new stockbrokers and enlisted Career Boosters for a three-week course. Before the first session, Career Boosters measured the level of confidence of each participant. It was measured again after the three-week seminar. The before and after levels of self-confidence for the 14 in the course are shown below. Self-confidence was classified as being either negative low, high, or very high.

The purpose of this study is to find whether Career Boosters was effective in raising the self-confidence of the new stockbrokers. That is, was the level of self-confidence higher after the seminar than before it? Use the .05 significance level.
a. State the null and alternate hypotheses.
b. Using the .05 level of significance, state the decision rule—either in words or in chart form.
c. Draw conclusions about the seminar offered by CareerBoosters.

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Before Seminar Negative Negative Low Very high Low Low Negative Before Seminar Stockbroker J. M. Martin T. D. Jagger A. D. Hammer T. A. Jones Jr B. G. Dingh D. A. Skeen C. B. Simmer After Seminar Stockbroker Low Negative C. C. Ford High Low High High High After Seminar Very high High Low High Low High ery high F M. Orphey A. R. Utz M. R. Murphy P. A. Lopez B. K. Pierre N S Walker Low Low Negative Low Negative Low Low