Privitera (2014) identifies that when analyzing scientific data, it is important that the researcher can identify that a manipulation caused changes in a dependent variable. He goes on to explain that to identify the likelihood that a manipulation caused changes in a dependent variable, the probability should be p < .05 that any other factor can explain the outcome observed. In this case, if two studies show p = .03, then what is the probability that any other factor can explain the outcome observed in the first or the second study?