Read the following examples and determine whether they are related to external validity, internal validity, or reliability at the study level.
Cobb, Heaney, Corcoran, and Henderson-Begg (2010) found that student satisfaction in a
British University with using texting in class was very high, especially among more timid students. A faculty member at your institution decides to implement a texting system in his classroom to see if he obtains the same results with students at a U.S. university.
End, Wortham, Mathews, and Wetterau (2010) found that cell phone ringing during a presentation decreased scores on a multiple-choice test on the lecture material and disrupted students' note taking of material during the ringing for the experimental group in comparison to a control group's test scores and lecture notes. Suppose you find that not only did the cell phone ring in the class for the experimental group but that the cell phone owner answered the call and walked out of the class talking loudly as she exited the room. What aspect of the experiment does this new information call into question?
Estow et al. (2011) examined the topic of plagiarism as a research throughout one
semester in two different sections of Research Methods. Students completed different assignments that used plagiarism as the focus. The results were the same for both experimental sections in terms of increased understanding of plagiarism and improved paraphrasing skills relative to a control group of students studying research methods but using a different .