Select the noparametric procedure to use when we study:
(a) The effect of a pain reliever on rankings of the emotional content of words describing pain. One group is tested before and after taking the drug.
(b) The effect of eight colors of spaghetti sauce on its tastiness. A different sample tastes each color of sauce, and tastiness scores are ranked.
(c) The (skewed) reaction time scores after one group of participants consumed 1, 3, and then 5 alcoholic drinks.
(d) Whether two levels of family income influence the percentage of income spent on clothing last year. Percentages are then ranked.