Should ICANN’s actions be viewed as a horizontal or a vertical restraint of trade? 

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a nonprofit entity organizing Internet domain names. It is governed by a board of directors elected by various groups with commercial interests in the Internet. One of ICANN’s functions is to authorize an entity as a registry for certain “Top Level Domains” (TLDs). ICANN entered into an agreement with VeriSign to serve as registry for the “.com” TLD to provide registry services in accordance with ICANN’s specifications. VeriSign complained that ICANN was restricting the services that it could make available as a registrar and blocking new services, imposing unnecessary conditions on those services, and setting prices at which the services were offered. VeriSign claimed that ICANN’s control of the registry services for domain names violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Using the information presented in the chapter, answer the above question.