Sol Electronics, a fast-growing electronic device producer, uses a standard costing system, with standards set at the beginning of each year. In the second quarter of 2013, Sol faced two challenges: it had to negotiate and sign a new short-term labour agreement with its workers€™ union, and it also had to pay a higher rate to its suppliers for direct materials. The new labour contract raised the cost of direct manufacturing labour relative to the company€™s 2013 standards. Similarly, the new rate for direct materials exceeded the company€™s 2013 standards. However, the materials were of better quality than expected, so Sol€™s management was confident that there would be less waste and less rework in the manufacturing process. They also speculated that the per-unit direct manufacturing labour cost might decline as a result of the materials€™ improved quality.

At the end of the second quarter, Sol€™s CFO, Terence Shaw, reviewed the following results:

Shaw was relieved to see that the anticipated savings in material waste and rework seemed to have materialized. But, he was concerned that the union would press hard for higher wages, given that actual unit costs came in below standard unit costs and operating income continued to climb.
REQUIRED
1. Prepare a detailed variance analysis of the second-quarter results relative to the static budget. Show how much of the improvement in operating income arose due to changes in sales volume and how much arose for other reasons. Calculate variances that isolate the effects of price and usage changes in direct materials and direct manufacturing labour.
2. Use the results of requirement 1 to prepare a rebuttal to the union€™s anticipated demands in light of the second-quarter results.
3. Terence Shaw thinks that the company can negotiate better if it changes the standards. Without performing any calculations, discuss the pros and cons of immediately changing the standards.

Variable Costs per Unit Variable First-Quarter 2013 Second-Quarter 2013 Actual Results Actual Results 1 Standard Direct materials 2.2 kg at 12.54 2.3 kg at S13.34 2.0 kg at $12.00 $5.80/kg $5.70/kg 0.5 hrs at Direct manufacturing 0.52 hrs TS $12/h 6.00 $10.00 $28.54 at S12/hr S6.24 at $14/hr S 6.30 labour Other variable costs S29.58 S28.15 Static Budget for Each Quarter Based on 2013 First-Quarter Second-Quarter 2013 Results 2013 Results 4,800 $ 71.50 S343,200 4,000 4,400 Units Selling price per unit $280,000 $316,800 Variable costs: 50,160 24,000 40,000 114,160 165,840 68,000 S 97,840 58,696 27,456 44,000 130,152 186,648 66,000 $120,648 Direct materials 57,600 Direct manufacturing labour Other variable costs 47,280 135,120 208,080 68,400 $139,680 Total variable costs Contribution margin erating InCOne