A study on fraud by Beasley et al. (1999), which was commissioned by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), found that in 84 percent of the frauds investigated, either the president, chief financial officer, or both were aware of or actively contributed to the fraud. Discuss how auditors should use this information when designing audit procedures to examine the control environment of an organization. How might auditors better assure themselves that they are not involved with a client where an executive fraud is occurring?