A privative clause is which of the following? 

a. A privative clause is a provision in a statute attempting to prevent the courts from reviewing the decision of an administrative tribunal.
b. A privative clause is an attempt to restrict the decision-making powers of administrative tribunals to a closely confined area.
c. Privative clauses restrict certain people from participating in administrative tribunals.
d. The privative clause refers to the section of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms that prevents the Charter from applying to private or non-governmental matters
e. A privative clause creates an actionable tort in various privacy statutes.