Describe fully the transformation (or combination of transformations) that maps the graph of y = |x| onto each of these functions.

a. y = |x + 1| + 2 

b.  y = |x − 5| − 2

c.  y = 2 − |x|

d. y = |2x| − 3

e. y = 1 − |x + 2|

f.  y = 5 − 2|x|