The reaction 2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇋ 2SO₃(g) reaches dynamic equilibrium in a closed vessel. The forward reaction is exothermic. The reaction is catalysed by V₂O₅.

a. Explain the term dynamic equilibrium.

b. What will happen to the position of equilibrium when:

i. Some sulfur trioxide, SO₃, is removed from the vessel?

ii The pressure in the vessel is lowered?

iii. More V₂O₅ is added?

iv. the temperature of the vessel is increased?

c. State Le Chatelier’s principle.

d. Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain what will happen to the position of equilibrium in the reaction H₂(g) + CO₂(g) ⇋ H₂O(g) + CO(g) when the concentration of hydrogen is increased.