As discussed in the text, in the absence of market imperfections and tax effects, we would expect the share price to decline by the amount of the dividend payment when the stock goes ex dividend. Once we consider the role of taxes, however, this is not necessarily true. One model has been proposed that incorporates tax effects into determining the ex-dividend price:

(P_o − P_x) / D = (1 − t_p) /(1 − t_G)

where P₀ is the price just before the stock goes ex, P_x is the ex-dividend share price, D is the amount of the dividend per share, t_p is the relevant marginal personal tax rate on dividends, and t_G is the effective marginal tax rate on capital gains.
a. If t_p = t_G = 0, how much will the share price fall when the stock goes ex?
b. If t_p = 15 percent and t_G = 0, how much will the share price fall?
c. If t_p = 15 percent and t_G = 20 percent, how much will the share price fall?
d. Suppose the only owners of stock are corporations. Recall that corporations get at least a 70 percent exemption from taxation on the dividend income they receive, but they do not get such an exemption on capital gains. If the corporation’s income and capital gains tax rates are both 35 percent, how much will the share price fall?
e. What does this problem tell you about real-world tax considerations and the dividend policy of the firm?