Question: Spanner provides read-only transactions a snapshot view of data, using multiversion two-phase locking. a. In the centralized multi-version 2PL scheme, read-only transactions never wait. But

Spanner provides read-only transactions a snapshot view of data, using multiversion two-phase locking.

a. In the centralized multi-version 2PL scheme, read-only transactions never wait. But in Spanner, reads may have to wait. Explain why.

b. Using an older timestamp for the snapshot can reduce waits, but has some drawbacks. Explain why, and what the drawbacks are.

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