We have discussed cases in which components of demand or willingness to pay for environmental goods and bads can be observed through their interaction with market goods. For each of the following public bads, identify possible related and observable market goods, and comment on aspects of demand that are not closely related to any market behavior. For example, if an oil spill contaminates a coastal region for a period of time, lost beach visits are potentially measurable, whereas disutility from effects of the oil spill on marine life may not be inferable by observing consumption of any market good.

a. Degradation of wild and scenic areas of Kakadu National Park due to mining activity.

b. Global climate change.

c. Urban air pollution.

d. Stratospheric ozone depletion.

e. Groundwater contamination.