Modern-day adult British women experience a pronounced loss of bone density as they grow older, contributing to an increasing incidence of osteoporotic hip fractures. During the restoration of a London church in the 1990s, a crypt was opened that contained the skeletons of more than 100 persons buried between 1729 and 1852. Figure 2.42 is a graph of bone density in the femoral neck region of the skeletons of 25 females who died between the ages of 15 and 45. These bone densities were calculated relative to the average bone density of women in the sample of age 18–30 years. Thus, a figure of 120 indicates that this person’s bone density was 20 percent larger than the average 18–30-year-old woman in the sample. Does there seem to be a clear positive relationship, clear negative relationship, or essentially no relationship? What is the implication?

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140 120 100 80 60 40 20 20 Bone density 0- 15 20 25 30 Age, years Figure 2.42 35 40 45