Val died on May 13, 2019. On July 3, 2016, she gave a $400,000 life insurance policy on her own life to son Ray. Because the value of the policy was rela-tively low, the transfer did not cause any gift tax to be payable. 

a. What amount was included in Val's gross estate as a result of the 2016 gift?

b. What amount was included in Val's gross estate if the property given was land instead of a life insurance policy? 

c. Refer to Part a. What amount would have been included in Val's gross estate if she instead gave Ray the policy on April 30, 2015?