The 2019 annual report for HCA Inc., a nationwide chain of hospitals, contains the following statement in the footnotes to the financial statements:
Reserves for professional liability risks were $ 1.827 billion and $1.741 billion at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The current portion of the reserves, $457 million and $466 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, is included in "other accrued expenses" in the consolidated balance sheets. Provisions for losses related to professional liability risks were $497 million, $447 million and $466 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included in "other operating expenses" in our consolidated income statements. Provisions for losses related to professional liability risks are based upon actuarially determined estimates. During 20 19 and 2018, we recorded reduction s to the provision for professional liability risks of $50 million and $70 million, respectively, due to the receipt of updated actuarial information. Loss and loss expense reserves represent the estimated ultimate net cost of all reported and unreported losses incurred through the respective consolidated balance sheet dates.

INSTRUCTIONS:
a. The term reserve refers to accrued liabilities. What portion of the reserves reported in 2019 and 2018 is listed in the current liability section of the balance sheet?
b. What entries were made in 2017, 2018, and 2019 to record additional reserves?
c. Estimate the cash payments made during 2019 to cover professional liability risks.
d. Discuss how management could manage earnings in this industry.