How do you think each of the following items would affect a company's ability to attract new capital and the flotation costs involved in doing so?

a. A decision of a privately held company to go public

b. The increasing institutionalization of the "buy side" of the stock and bond markets 

c. The trend toward "financial conglomerates" as opposed to stand-alone investment banking houses

d. Reduction in use of the preemptive right

e. The introduction of shelf registrations