The same pattern is observed in Table 7.2 which has been taken from Layard, Nickell, and Jackman (1991, ch. 1). Between 1979 and 1990, the total level of unemployment has risen in most countries, but in the ten EC countries the 1965 I 1985 1975 1995 n, 1855-2000 Annual Inflows'

Annual Outflows°

Long-term Unemployment"

1979 0.27 9.8 29.3 1988 0.33 5.0 54.8 1979 2.07 43.5 4.2 1988 1.98 45.7 7.4 1979 0.31 19.1 16.5 1988 0.37 17.2 20.6 1979 0.70 38.1 5.3 1988 0.80 30.4 7.3