Listed below are a number of hypothetical research hypotheses. For each hypothesis, identify the independent and dependent variable.

a. Male drivers are more likely to exhibit “road rage” behaviors such as aggressive driving and yelling at other drivers than are female drivers.

b. The more time a student takes to finish a midterm examination, the higher his or her score on the examination.

c. Men are more likely to be members of the Republican political party than are women; women are more likely to belong to the Democratic political party than are men.

d. Students who receive a newly designed method of teaching reading will display higher scores on a test of comprehension than the method currently used.

e. The more time a child spends in daycare outside of the home, the less he or she will be afraid of strangers.