The measures of central tendency for the data on Katz’s study who did not read the passages were given in the SPSS printout in Figure 4.1. Compare those answers with the answers to Exercises 4.1. What do they tell you about the value of reading the passage on which questions are based?

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Figure 4.1 Score on items when passage not read Raw Data: 54 52 51 50 36 55 44 46 57 44 43 52 38 46 55 34 44 39 43 36 55 57 36 46 49 46 49 47 Descriptives Score for Mean Statistic Std. Error 46.5714 1.29041 nonpassage group 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 43.9237 Upper Bound 49.2191 5% Trimmed Mean 46.6587 Median 46.0000 Variance 46.624 Std. Deviation 6.82820 Minimum 34.00 Maximum 57.00 Range 23.00 Interquartile Range 9.0000 Skewness -.224 .441 Kurtosis -.901 .858