How is the location of the hydraulic grade line determined for open-channel flow? How is it determined

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How is the location of the hydraulic grade line determined for open-channel flow? How is it determined at the outlet of a pipe discharging to the atmosphere?

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Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

ISBN: 978-0078027680

5th edition

Authors: Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner, John M. Cimbala

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