The Magill Repair Shop repairs and services machine tools. A summary of its costs (by activity) for 2020 is as follows:

Required

1. Classify each cost as value-added, non-value-added, or in the gray area between.
2. For any cost classified in the gray area, assume 60% is value-added and 40% is non-value-added. How much of the total of all seven costs is value-added and how much is non-value-added?

3. Magill is considering the following changes: 

(a) Introducing quality-improvement programs whose net effect will be to reduce rework and expediting costs by 40% and materials and labor costs for servicing machine tools by 5%, 

(b) Working with suppliers to reduce materials-procurement and inspection costs by 20% and materials-handling costs by 30%, and 

(c) Increasing preventive-maintenance costs by 70%
to reduce breakdown-maintenance costs by 50%. Calculate the effect of programs (a), (b), and (c) on value-added costs, non-value-added costs, and total costs. Comment briefly.

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a. Materials and labor for servicing machine tools b. Rework costs c. Expediting costs caused by work delays d. Materials-handling costs e. Materials-procurement and inspection costs f. Preventive maintenance of equipment g. Breakdown maintenance of equipment $1,100,000 90,000 65,000 80,000 45,000 55,000 75,000