Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can include mood swings, fluid retention (edema), anxiety, backache and joint pain, food cravings, and other symptoms. PMS usually develops after ovulation and lasts until just before or just after menstruation begins. Although the precise cause of PMS is unknown, it seems clearly related to the cyclic production of ovarian hormones. After reviewing Figure 16.3, suggest which hormonal changes may trigger PMS.

Figure 16.3.

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hypothalamus GnRH anterior pituitary A FSH and LH levels in blood H FSH FSH and LH stimulate follicle maturation B Follicle changes in an ovary follicle matures LH LLL follicle secretes estrogens C Estrogen and progesterone levels in blood low estrogen D Changes in uterine lining menstrual flow Estrogen LH surge triggers ovulation ovulation 2 4 6 8 10 Follicular phase- corpus luteum forms corpus luteum breaks down corpus luteum secretes estrogens, progesterone Progesterone estrogens, progesterone, cause uterine lining to thicken || | || | || | ||▬▬▬▬|| | ||▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 12 14 16 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Days of cycle - Luteal phase- 1