At a more prosaic level, there is summary and rerun to show you are listening and providing the opportunity for any misunderstanding to be pointed out. In appraisal, for instance, the appraisee will produce lots of information in an interview and you will be selecting that which is to be retained and understood. From time to time you interject a summary sentence or two with an interrogative inflection. This shows that you are listening, gives the respondent the chance to correct any false impressions and reinforces the key points that are being retained. It is also a useful way of making progress, as the interjection is easily followed by another open-ended question, ‘Now perhaps we can turn to . . . ’. LO1