Ray Solutions decided to make the following changes in its accounting policies on January 1, 2021: 

a. Changed from the cash to the accrual basis of accounting for recognizing revenue on its service contracts. 

b. Adopted straight-line depreciation for all future equipment purchases, but continued to use accelerated depreciation for all equipment acquired before 2021. 

c. Changed from the LIFO inventory method to the FIFO inventory method. 

Required:

For each accounting change Ray undertook, indicate (a) the type of change and (b) whether Ray should report the change retrospectively or prospectively.