Ruby, who recently passed her driving test, decides to drive into town. On turning right at a junction, she negligently fails to see a car being driven by Sapphire and crashes into it. Sapphire was not wearing a seatbelt at the time of the accident, and was badly injured. Sapphire’s husband, Tom, hears the crash and rushes to the scene of the accident; he is so shocked at seeing Sapphire’s injuries that he shortly afterwards develops a psychiatric illness.
Explain the essential ingredients of a negligence action and consider the legal liability of Ruby in the Law of Torts.