Summary. For the analysis based on the data above:
a. The distance between p̂ and π is ______ (tiny, small, large, huge).
b. The sample size is ______ (tiny, small, large, huge).
c. Th  alternative hypothesis is _________-sided (one, two).

Dr. John Arbuthnot (1667€“1735) was physician to England€™s Queen Anne. He was also one of the first scientists to publish a use of p-values and to apply the logic of statistical inference.1 His goal was to prove the existence of God, and he took as evidence the fact that for 82 years in a row male christenings had outnumbered female christenings. His argument: Th e p-value is so extremely tiny that the
extra male births cannot be due to chance. Therefore the excess males must be due to €œDivine Providence.€ Here is a summary of his data:

Number of male christenings: Number of female christenings: Total number of christenings: Proportion of males: 484,382 453,841 938,223 0.516276