In the following enthymemes, determine whether the missing statement is a premise or a conclusion. Then supply the missing statement, attempting whenever possible to convert the enthymeme, into a valid argument. The missing statement need not be expressed as a standard-form categorical proposition.

★1. Some police chiefs undermine the evenhanded enforcement of the law, because anyone who fixes parking tickets does that.

2. Any form of cheating deserves to be punished, and plagiarism is a form of cheating.

3. Carrie Underwood is a talented singer. After all, she’s won several Grammy awards.

★4. A few fraternities have dangerous initiation rites, and those that do have no legitimate role in campus life.

5. Only nonprofit organizations are exempt from paying taxes, so churches must be exempt.

6. All of the operas except Mozart’s were well performed, and Carmen was not written by Mozart.
★7. Not all phone calls are welcome, but those from friends are.
8. Higher life-forms could not have evolved through merely random processes, because no organized beings could have evolved that way.
9. None but great novels are timeless, and The Brothers Karamazov is a great novel.
★10. Antiwar protests have been feeble in recent years because there is no military draft.
11. Wherever water exists, human life can be sustained, and water exists on the moon.
12. If a symphony orchestra has effective fund-raisers, it will survive; and the Cleveland symphony has survived for years.
★13. Mechanistic materialists do not believe in free will, because they think that everything is governed by deterministic laws.
14. A contract to buy land is not enforceable unless it’s in writing, but our client’s contract to buy land is in writing.
15. The only telescopes that are unaffected by the atmosphere are orbiting telescopes, and the Hubble telescope is in orbit.